2) A word which ahs more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.

3) Semantic inclusion

4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.

问题： \请你从语境的角度来分析？

答案：This is wrong sentence, because

it has two problems : 1)Ambiguity 2)Indication of reference

According to two functions of Context

1) Elimination of ambiguity

2) Indication of Reference

This sentence can be corrected as follows :

1)what a nice smell, the chicken is ready to eat.

2) The chicken is hungery, so the chicken needs foods.

选择题：

A concept has referring expressions ____.

A) one B) many C)a few D) none of the above.

答案：B

The grammatical meanings of a word refer to the part of the meaning of a word which indicate grammatical concept or relationship, such as ____ .

A) part of speech of a word B)Singular and plural forms C) tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms D) All of the above.

答案： D)

问题：pick and choose , 它算习语中的哪一个类别？

答案：reiteration （同义词叠用）

问题：rain or shine ， 它算习语中的哪一类

答案：Juxtaposition (反义词叠用)

kith and kin

alliteration

might and main

alliteration

cooked 这是哪一种, 请从词缀的角度来加以区别cooked

inflectional affixation

employer

derivational affixes

名词解释：connotative meaning : is also known as connnotation

What are the differences between hymonyms and polysemyms ?

face 是多义词 , ball 不是

论述题： I met a write rwho is the relation of a politician.

I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.

以上这两句话哪一话好，好在哪里？(p119)

注意：答这个论述题时先说哪句好，然后加以分析，最后要答上下义关系hyponymy 的名词解释。

Chapter 8 meaning and Context

要记两个重要部分:

1 Context 如何进行分类

两种: 1) Linguistic context

In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word

appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.

2) Extra-linguistic context or non-linguistic context

IN a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.

Context 这两个分类也就是它的名词解释

1)Linguistic context

Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context

Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is offten affected and defined by the neighbouring words.

Grammatical context In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context.

重点:简答题: What is linguistic context?(这道简答题没考过, 但是整个context 考过)

重点:The role of Context 语境的作用?

三个作用: 1) Elimination of Ambiguity

Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy

2) Indication of Referents

Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing.

3) Provision of Clues for Inferring Wordmeaning

在3) 中又包括八种线索:

(1) Definition

(2) Explanation

(3) Example

(4) Synonymy

(5) Antonymy

(6) Hyponymy

(7) Relevant details

(8) Word structure

第九章: English Idioms

这一章关键是要记习语，这些习语都要记。

名词解释: Idioms (重点)

(1)Idioms consist of set phrases and short

sentences which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.

(2)Strickly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of indiviudal elements.

(3)In forms idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions.

9.1 Character5istics of Idioms

9.1.1 semantic unity (重点)

1) idioms each consist of more than one word.

2) in the idiom words have lost their individual identity.

3) quite often the idiom functions as one word.

e.g. \