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The Encyclopaedia Britannica is a world-famous encyclopaedia. It is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia. The first edition was published in 1768, and since then there have been 15 editions. The 15th edition is made up of 32 volumes. Together they contain about 40 million words on half a million topics. Today there is a DVD edition of the Britannica. You can also find it online.
Do you know about any famous Chinese encyclopaedias? What do you know about them? Unit 2 ¹úÍõºÍÃ×
The king [k??] and the rice[ra?s]
ºÜ¾ÃÒÔǰ£¬Ó¡¶ÈÓÐÒ»¸ö¹úÍõ¡£¹úÍõ×îϲ»¶µÄÓÎÏ·Êǹú¼ÊÏóÆå¡£
A long time agoºÜ¾ÃÒÔǰ, there wasÓÐ a king in India['?nd??]Ó¡¶È. The king¡¯s favourite['fev?r?t]×îϲ»¶µÄ gameÓÎÏ· was chess[t?es]ÏóÆå.
Ò»Ì죬һ¸ö´ÏÃ÷µÄÀÏÈËÀ´µ½Íõ¹¬£¬¹úÍõÏòËûÌôÕ½ÁËÒ»³¡±ÈÈü¡£¹úÍõÏòÀÏÈ˳Ðŵ£º¡°Èç¹ûÄãÓ®ÁËÕⳡ±ÈÈü£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃÈκν±½ð¡£¡±
One dayÒ»Ìì, a wise[wa?z] ´ÏÃ÷µÄold man ÀÏÈËcame toÀ´µ½ the palace ['p?l?s]¹¬µî and the king challenged['t??l?n(d)?]ÌôÕ½ him to a game. The king promised['pr?m?s]
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´ðÓ¦the old manÀÏÈË, ¡°You can have ÓÐanyÈκΠprize[pra?z]½±Æ· if Èç¹ûyou win the gameÓ®µÃ±ÈÈü.¡±
ÀÏÈË˵£º¡°Èç¹ûÎÒÓ®ÁËÕⳡ±ÈÈü£¬ÎÒÏëÒªÆåÅÌÉϵĵÚÒ»¸ñÒ»Á£Ã×£¬µÚ¶þ¸ñÁ½Á£Ã×£¬µÚÈý¸ñËÄÁ£Ã×£¬ÓàϵÄÿ¸ö¸ñ¶¼Òª¼Ó±¶µÄÊýÁ¿¡£¡±
The old man said˵, ¡°If I win the game, I¡¯d likeÏëÒª one grain [gre?n] Á£of riceÃ× for the first µÚÒ»¸ösquare[skwe?] ·½¸ñof the chessboard ['t?esb??d]ÆåÅÌ, two for the secondµÚ¶þ¸ö, four for the thirdµÚÈý¸ö, and then double ['d?b(?)l] ·±¶the amount[?'ma?nt] ÊýÁ¿for each ÿһ¸öof...µÄ the rest of ʣϵÄthe squares·½¸ñ.¡±
¡°¾ÍÕâЩÂ𣿡±¹úÍõÎÊ¡°Ä㲻ϲ»¶½ð»òÒøÂ𣿡° ¡°Êǵģ¬Ö»ÒªÃ×£¬¡±ÀÏÈ˻شð˵¡£
¡°Is that allÈ«²¿?¡± asked the king. ¡°Wouldn¡¯t you like gold[g??ld] ½ð×Óor»òÕß silver['s?lv?] Òø×Óinstead[?n'sted]Ïà·´?¡±
¡°No, just½ö½ö£¬Ö» riceÃ×,¡± replied [ri'plaid] »Ø´ðthe old man.
¹úÍõºÍÀÏÈËÓÃÁ˺ܳ¤µÄʱ¼äÍæÁËÒ»¾Ö¡£×îºó£¬ÀÏÈËÓ®ÁË¡£ÓÚÊǹúÍõÃüÁîËûµÄÈËȥȡÀ´Ò»´üÃס£ËûÔÚ£¨ÆåÅÌÉϵ쩵ÚÒ»¸ñ·ÅÁËÒ»Á£Ã×£¬ÔÚµÚ¶þ¸ñÉÏ·ÅÁËÁ½Á£¡¡¹úÍõºÜ¿ìÒâʶµ½Ò»¸öÎÊÌ⡪¡ª¼´Ê¹¶¯ÓÃÈ«¹úËùÓеĴóÃ×£¬ËûÒ²ÎÞ·¨ÌîÂú£¨Õû¸±ÆåÅÌÉÏ£©ËùÓеķ½¸ñ£¡
The king¹úÍõ and the old man played the game for a long timeºÜ³¤Ê±¼ä. Finally['fa?n?l?]×îºó, the old man won[w?n]»ñʤ. So ËùÒÔthe king ordered['??d?]ÃüÁî his men to collect[k?'lekt]ÊÕ¼¯ a bag of riceÒ»´üÃ×. He put·Å one grain[gre?n]Á£ on the first square, two on the second, and so onµÈµÈ. The king quickly realized['ri??la?z] Òâʶµ½the problemÎÊÌ⡪evenÉõÖÁ with ÓÃall the riceËùÓеÄÃ× in the country¹ú¼Ò, he would½« stillÈÔÈ» not have ÓÐenough×ã¹»µÄ rice to put ·Åon all the squares[skwe?]·½¸ñ!
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Êý×Ö£¨·¢Ã÷£©Ç°µÄ¼ÆÊý
Counting[ka?nt]ÊýÊý beforeÔÚ...֮ǰ numbersÊý×Ö
ÔÚÊý×Ö·¢Ã÷֮ǰ£¬ÈËÃDzÉÓò»Í¬µÄ·½Ê½À´Êý¶«Î÷¡£
Before the invention [?n'ven?(?)n]·¢Ã÷ of written numbers['r?tn]ÊéдÊý×Ö, peopleÈËÃÇ usedÓà many ºÜ¶àdifferent ²»Í¬µÄways·½·¨ to count [ka?nt]Êý things¶«Î÷.
Ò»¿ªÊ¼£¬ÈËÃÇÓÃËûÃǵÄÊÖÖ¸£¬Á¬Í¬×Ô¼ºµÄ½ÅÖº¡£È»¶ø£¬ËûÃÇÒ²Ö»ÄÜÖ¸ÍûÕâÑùÀ´¼ÆËãСµÄÊý×Ö¡£
At firstÊ×ÏÈ, peopleÈËÃÇ usedÓà theirËûÃÇµÄ fingers['f??g?]ÊÖÖ¸, and evenÉõÖÁ their toes[t??]½ÅÖº. HoweverÈ»¶ø, they couldÄܹ» only½ö½ö countÊý smallСµÄ numbersÊý×Ö in this wayÓÃÕâÖÖ·½·¨.
ºóÀ´£¬ËûÃÇ¿ªÊ¼Óù÷°ôºÍ¹ÇÍ·ÖÆ×÷һЩСÎï¼þ¡£ÕâÄܰïÖúËûÃǼÆËã¸ü´óµÄÊý×Ö¡£ËûÃÇÒÀ´ËÀ´¼ÆËãÈçÿ¸öÔÂÌìÊý¡¢ËûÃÇÓµÓеÄʳÎïºÍ¶¯ÎïÊýÁ¿£¨ÄÇÑùµÄÊý×Ö£©¡£
After thatÔÚÄÇÖ®ºó, they ËûÃÇbegan to ¿ªÊ¼make ÖÆ×÷small СµÄmarks[m¨»?k] ·ûºÅ£»±ê¼Çon sticks[st?k] ¹÷×Óand bones[b??n]¹ÇÍ·. This helped°ïÖú themËûÃÇ countÊý bigger¸ü´óµÄ numbersÊý×Ö. They usedÓà them to count things likeÏñÊÇ the days Ììof the monthÔÂ, the amount [?'ma?nt]ÊýÁ¿ of foodʳÎï and the number of ...µÄÊýÁ¿animals¶¯Îï they hadÓÐ.
ÔÙºóÀ´ÈËÃÇ¿ªÊ¼Ê¹ÓÃÓÉÕ³ÍÁ»òСʯ¿é×ö³ÉСÎï¼þ¡£Õâ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´¼ÆËã¸ü´óµÄÊý×Ö¡£ËûÃÇͨ³£»áËüÃÇ´©³É´®¶ù£¬ÒÔ·½±ãËûÃÇЯ´ø¡£Õâ¾Í·¢Õ¹³ÉÁËÈçËãÅ̵Ť¾ß¡£
ThenÈ»ºó peopleÈËÃÇ began to ¿ªÊ¼use ÓÃtokens['t??k(?)n]·ûºÅ made fromÓÃ...×ö clay[kle?] ÄàÍÁor small stones[b??n]ʯͷ. This helped them countÊý evenÉõÖÁ bigger¸ü´óµÄ numbersÊý×Ö. They often¾³£ put the tokens ·ûºÅon pieces[pi?s] ¸ùof 7
string[str??]Éþ×Ó so that ËùÒÔthey couldÄܹ» carryЯ´ø them aroundËÄ´¦ easilyÈÝÒ×µØ. This developed into[d?'vel?p] ·¢Õ¹³Étools [tu?l]¹¤¾ß likeÏñ the abacus['?b?k?s]ËãÅÌ.
×îºó£¬ÈËÃÇ¿ªÊ¼·¢Õ¹Êéд·ûºÅϵͳ£¬ÓÃÀ´ÏÔʾ²»Í¬µÄÊý×Ö£¬ÓÚÊDzúÉúÁËÓ¡¶È - °¢À²®Êý×Ö£¨0-9£©¡£Ö±µ½½ñÌ죬ÎÒÃÇÈÔÈ»ÔÚʹÓÃÕâÌ×£¨Êý×Ö£©ÏµÍ³¡£
Finally['fa?n?l?]×îºó, peopleÈËÃÇ began to ¿ªÊ¼develop[d?'vel?p]·¢Õ¹ systems['s?st?m]ϵͳ of written['r?tn] ÊéдµÄmarks [m¨»?k]·ûºÅ to show չʾ£»±íÃ÷different ²»Í¬µÄnumbersÊý×Ö, and this led to[led]µ¼Ö the Hindu-Arabic['hindu:-?'reibik] system['s?st?m] ϵͳ(0¡ª9). We are still ÈÔÈ»usingʹÓà this system today.
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Numbers around the world
ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØµÄÈËÃÇÊéдÊý×ֵķ½Ê½²»Í¬¡£ÏÂͼÏÔʾÁ˲»Í¬ÎÄ»¯±³¾°µÄÈËÈçºÎд´ÓÒ»µ½Îå¡£
People around the world write numbers in different ways. The following shows how people from different cultures write one to five.
ººÓһ£¬¶þ£¬Èý£¬ËÄ£¬Îå Chinese: Ò»¡¢¶þ¡¢Èý¡¢ËÄ¡¢Îå ÂÞÂí£º¢ñ£¬¢ò£¬¢ó£¬¢ô£¬¢õ Romans: ¢ñ, ¢ò, ¢ó, ¢ô, ¢õ Ó¢Óone, two, three, four, five English: one, two, three, four, five
µ«ÊÇ£¬½ñÈÕÊÀ½çÉϾø´ó¶àÊýÈ˶¼ÔÚʹÓð¢À²®Êý×Ö£¨1£¬2£¬3£¬4£¬5£¬µÈµÈ£©¡£ However, most people around the world use Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) today.
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