定语从句
（一）定义及相关术语
1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。
（二）关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，当宾语可以省略。
① The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 ② Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。
③ Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 ④ That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。 2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，可省略。
① Mr. Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.
刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
② Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。 ③ The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 ④ The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。
注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3．Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。
① Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 ② The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。
③ He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 ④ The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 ⑤ This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 ⑥ The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.
他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4．That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
① The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。
② Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ ③ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。 ④ The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。 ⑤ Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 ① I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
② He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
③ I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. ｛The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
｛Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 6.关系代词that与which的用法区别
（1）which可引导非限制性定语从句中，that不能
He didn’t come back home on time, which made his father very angry. 他没有按时回家，这使他的父亲很生气。
（2）which之前可以有介词，that之前则不能有介词
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live. 这就是鲁迅过去居住的房子。 （3）that和which都指物时，以下4种情况，用that而不用which
①先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词 This is all that I want to say. 这就是我想要说的。
There is nothing that can terrify him. 没有什么能吓住他。 There was little that I could do for you. 我不能为你做什么。
②先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰 This is the first composition (that) he has written in English. 这是他用英语写的第一篇文章。
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。 ③当人和物合做先行词时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他谈了他拜访过的老师和参观过的学校。
④在疑问词who, which, that开头的句子中
Who is the man that spoke to you at the gate. 那个在门那边跟你讲话的男人是谁？
Which is the star that is nearest to the earth？ 那一颗星星离地球最近。
（三）关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
① I know the reason why he came late. 我知道他迟到的原因。
② This is the place where we lived for five years. 这就是我们住了五年的地方。 ③ I will forget the days when I met Mr. Liu. 我不会忘记遇见刘先生的那一天。 注意：定语从句先行词用关系代词还是关系副词：引导词在句中做主语、宾语、表语就用that, which,否则就用where。
① This is the house where he lived last year.
These are the houses that/which were built 10 years ago. ② I’ll never forget the days (that/which) we spent together.
Do you still remember the days when we first met? ③ Can you explain to us the reason why you came late?
I don’t believe the reason which (that) he explained to us.
2.where/when/why=介词+关系代词（which/whom）,注意不可加that This is the house where he lived last year. ｛in which
The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. 你昨天告诉我的那个绅士证实是个小偷。
（四）限制性和非限制性定语从句
1. 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，引导词同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导,去掉它意思不明确。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，不可用that引导，去掉引导词不会影响主句的意思。 This is the house which we bought last night.
The house, which we bought last night, is very nice.
2. 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句
He seemed not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upset me. 他似乎没有领会我的意思，这使我非常心烦。
（五）as引导的定语从句
1.as多与such 或the same连用，出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as等结构中 ①This is such a difficult problem as nobody can work out.
｛that nobody can work it out. ②This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔同我丢失的一样。
③Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. 这块石头大得没人能搬得起。 2. the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的
I have bought the same watch as you. 我买了一块和你一样的手表。（不是同一块） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（同一块）
3.as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引
导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. As we know, smoking is harmful to the one’s health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
※注意：way后面接定语从句的情况。
①The way that
｛Which he explained to us was quite simple. / ②The way that
｛in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. /
关系代词引导的定语从句练习：
( )1、 -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？
-Yes， he‘s our headmaster.
A. he B. who C. which D. whom ( )2、The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.
A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was
( )3、Have you seen the film Titanic ___actors are very famous?
A who B whose C that D whom ( )4、A child ____parents are dead is called an orphan.
A which B his C whose D with
( )5、This is the reason ______ he told me.
A、that B、why C、on which D、for that ( )6、Do you know the scientist _______ gave us a talk just now?
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose ( )7、This is the dictionary _______ Mum gave me for my birthday.
A. which B. what C. whose D. whom ( )8、Shaolin Temple ________ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.
A. where B. which C. who D. what ( )9. Beijing is the 29th city _______ holds the Olympic Games.
A. where B. that C. which D. what ( )10. Have you read the book _______ I gave you yesterday?
A. that B. when C. where
( )11. The man _______ came to our party with a present is my old friend.
A. when B. which C. who
( )12. I like writers _______ write short stories.
A. which B. what C. whom D. who ( )13. This is the question _______ we are talking about now.
A. that B. who C. where D. when ( )14. —What are you looking for?
—I am looking for the book _______ I bought yesterday.
A. who B. which C. whose
( )15. Jack, there is someone in the office _______ would like to speak with you.
A. who B. which C. whom
( )16. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _______ works hard.
A. which B. / C. whom D. who
( )17. Many young people prefer the songs _______ have great lyrics.
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
( )18. Even teachers can’t understand some expressions _______ their students use in daily life.
A. whose B. who C. that D. whom ( )19. The book ____ is torn is mine.
A. the cover of which B. the cover of that
C. which the cover D. whose cover of
( )20. He talked about the classmates and the school ____ he had visited.
A. who B. that C. which D. about which