新标准大学英语综合教程3课文与翻译
and sudden rescues. 6. 课间休息时，我和戴维可以大展身手了。 我
们对在碎石操场上打棒球的男孩儿们视而不见，
6 During recess, David and I came into our own. We ignored 也不搭理那些在小山谷里一边玩躲球游戏一边
the boys playing baseball on the gravel court and the girls 咯咯傻笑的女孩儿们。 超人游戏让我们变得像giggling at dodge-ball in the dell. Our Superman games made us 两个逃犯似的，但也给了我们一种虚幻的优越outlaws, yet gave us a sense of windy superiority. We even 感，我们甚至找谢尔登 ? 费恩来充当恶棍。他是found a stand-in for a villain in Sheldon Fein, the sallow 街区里一个脸色苍白、胆小怕事的孩子，没有男mamma's boy on our block who was left out of the boys' games 孩儿愿意和他玩，因为一有人追他他就哭，而且because he cried whenever anybody tagged him and always 老是自己摔倒在地，擦伤他那胖胖的膝盖。 managed to fall down and skin his fat knees.
7.
一开始我们还得教谢尔登怎么扮演他的角
7 At first, we had to prompt Sheldon in his part, but after a 色，可没过多久他就变成了一位发明虐刑的专while he became an expert on inventing tortures and even 家，甚至私下里悄悄实施他的刑罚。 他常常扯carried them out in private, beyond the game. He used to pull 下苍蝇的翅膀，揪掉蚱蜢的腿，并把这些残废了the wings from flies and the legs off grasshoppers, and keep the 的昆虫囚禁在瓶子里，藏到床底下，这样他就可broken insects captive in a jar hidden under his bed where he 以偷偷把它们拿出来，看着它们痛苦挣扎的样could take them out in secret and watch them struggling. David 子。 戴维和我只在课间休息的时候和谢尔登玩，and I never played with Sheldon except at recess. After school 放学后我们就让他回家跟他的妈妈、棒棒糖以及we left him to his mamma and his bonbons and his helpless 那些无助的昆虫为伴。 insects.
8.
那时候，弗兰克舅舅住在我们家，等着参军。
8 At the time my Uncle Frank was living with us while 我肯定他和隐姓埋名的超人长得特别像。 戴维
waiting to be drafted, and I was sure that he bore an 却看不出我舅舅和超人有多么相像，但他承认弗extraordinary resemblance to Superman incognito. David 兰克舅舅是他这辈子所见过的最强壮的人，而且couldn't see the likeness as clearly as I did, but he admitted that 他会变很多戏法，比如用餐巾一盖上糖果，糖就Uncle Frank was the strongest man he had ever known, and 没了，他还能倒立行走。 could do lots of tricks like making caramels disappear under napkins and walking on his hands.
Unit 2-2 Cultural Childhoods 不同文化的童年 1 When I look back on my own childhood in the 1970s and 1. 每当我回顾20世纪七八十年代我的童年1980s and compare it with children today, it reminds me of that 时光，并将它与现在孩子的童年相比较时，famous sentence \past is a foreign country: They do things 就会想起句名言：―往昔是异国他乡，那里有differently there\(from L. P. Hartley's novel The Go-Between). 着不同的习俗（‖可参见L.P.哈特利的小说《传Even in a relatively short period of time, I can see the enormous 信人》） 。甚至在相对短暂的一段时间内，transformations that have taken place in children's lives and in the 我也能够察觉到儿童的生活以及人们对待儿ways they are thought about and treated. 童的方式上所经历的巨大变化。 2 Looking further back I can see vast differences between 2. 回顾更久远的岁月，我可以看到现在和contemporary and historical childhoods. Today, children have few 古代童年生活的巨大差别。如今的儿童责任9 / 64
新标准大学英语综合教程3课文与翻译
responsibilities, their lives are characterized by play not work, school 很少，他们生活的主要内容是玩耍而非工作，not paid labour, family rather than public life and consumption 上学而非劳动，在家里呆着而不是和外界交instead of production. Yet this is all relatively recent. A hundred 往，消费而非生产。这种变化也是最近才显years ago, a 12 year old working in a factory would have been 现出来的。一百年前，12 岁的孩子在工厂打perfectly acceptable. Now, it would cause social services' 工是完全可以接受的事情，而现在，这会招intervention and the prosecution of both parents and factory owner. 3 The differences between the expectations placed on children
today and those placed on them in the past are neatly summed up by 3. 有两位美国作家，芭芭拉·埃伦里奇和迪two American writers, Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English. 尔德丽·英格利希，她们简要地概括了过去和Comparing childhoods in America today with those of the American 现在人们对儿童的期待的差异。在比较美国colonial period (1600–1776), they have written: \现在的儿童和殖民地时期（1600–1776）的儿old who can tie his or her shoes is impressive. In colonial times, 童时，她们写道：―今天，如果一个四岁的孩four-year-old girls knitted stockings and mittens and could produce 子能自己系鞋带就很了不起了。而在殖民地intricate embroidery: At age six they spun wool. A good, industrious 时期，四岁的女孩会织长筒袜和连指手套，little girl was called 'Mrs instead of 'Miss' in appreciation of her 能做复杂的刺绣，六岁就能纺毛线了。一个contribution to the family economy: She was not, strictly speaking, a 善良勤快的女孩被称为?夫人‘而不是?小姐‘，child.\
4 These changing ideas about children have led many social
scientists to claim that childhood is a \4. 对儿童的看法不断变化着，这使得许多this term to mean that understandings of childhood are not the same 社会科学家宣称童年是一种―社会建构‖。他everywhere and that while all societies acknowledge that children 们用这个术语来说明不同的地区对童年的理are different from adults, how they are different and what 解是不一样的，虽然所有社会都承认儿童与expectations are placed on them, change according to the society in 成年人有区别，至于他们之间有何不同，人which they live.
5 Social anthropologists have shown this in their studies of
peoples with very different understandings of the world to Western 5. 社会人类学家在研究那些跟西方国家持ones. Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic 有不同世界观的民族时也表明了这个观点。and has described how, within these commUnit ies, growing up is 琼·布里格斯研究过加拿大北极地区的伊努伊largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason and 特人，她描述了在这些社会群落中成长是怎understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma). Young children don't 样大体上被看成是一个获得思想、理性和理possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are 解力（伊努伊特人称之为 ihuma）的过程。incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the 小孩子不具备这些素质，所有才容易生气，commUnit y, such as shortages of food. Because they can't be 常常会哭，无法理解群落所面临的诸如食物reasoned with, and don't understand, parents treat them with a great 短缺之类的外在困难。由于无法跟他们讲理，deal of tolerance and leniency. It's only when they are older and 即便讲了他们也不明白，父母对他们很宽容、begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them or 很温和。一直要等到他们年龄大一点，并开discipline them.
6 In contrast, children on the Pacific island of Tonga, studied by
Helen Morton, are regularly beaten by their parents and older 6. 相反，根据海伦·莫顿的研究，太平洋岛siblings. They are seen as being closer to mad people than adults 国汤加的儿童经常挨父母和哥哥姐姐的打。because they lack the highly prized quality of social competence (or 人们认为儿童和成年人相比更像疯子，因为poto as the Tongans call it). They are regularly told off for being 他们缺乏被大家看重的社会能力（汤加人称
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来社会服务机构的介入，其父母和工厂主会被起诉。
这是为了表彰她对家庭经济的贡献，严格说来她不是一个孩子了。
们对儿童又有何期待，不同的社会给出了不一样的答案。
始有自己的思想时，父母才会尝试着去管教他们，约束他们。
新标准大学英语综合教程3课文与翻译
clumsy and a child who falls over may be laughed at, shouted at, or 之为 poto）。小孩子经常因为笨手笨脚而挨beaten. Children are thought of as mischievous; they cry or want to 骂，他们连摔跤都会被嘲笑、呵斥，甚至被feed simply because they are naughty, and beatings are at their most 打。人们认为儿童很顽皮，都是因为淘气他severe betweenthe ages of three and five when children are seen as 们才哭闹，或者要东西吃。在大人看来，三particularly wilful. Parents believe that social competence can only 至五岁的儿童尤其任性，因此他们打这个年be achieved through discipline and physical punishment, and treat 龄段的孩子也打得最狠。父母们相信，只有their children in ways that have seemed very harsh to outsiders.
靠训导和体罚才能使孩子获得社会能力，所以他们用一种在外人看来非常严厉的方式对
7 In other cases, ideas about children are radically different. For 待孩子。 example, the Beng, a small ethnic group in West Africa, assume that
very young children know and understand everything that is said to 7. 在其他的例子中，有关儿童的观念则截them, in whatever language they are addressed. The Beng, who've 然不同。例如，西非的一个叫孟加拉的很小been extensively studied by another anthropologist, Alma Gottlieb, 的族群认为，不管说什么、用什么语言说，believe in a spirit world where children live before they are born and 小孩子都能听明白，并且能理解。另一位人where they know all human languages and understand all cultures. 类学家阿尔玛·戈特利布对孟加拉族进行了广Life in the spirit world is very pleasant and the children have many 泛的研究，孟加拉族人认为小孩子出生前居friends there and are often very reluctant to leave it for an earthly 住在灵界，在那里他们通晓人类所有的语言，family (a fictional account of a spirit child's journey between the 能理解所有的文化。灵界的生活很惬意，小spirit and the earthly world is given in Ben Okri's novel, The 孩子在那里有很多朋友，他们通常极不愿意Famished Road). When they are born, they remain in contact with 离开那儿，来到地球上的家庭中（本·奥克雷this other world for several years, and may decide to return there if 的小说《饥饿之路》就描述了一个小孩在灵they are not properly looked after. So parents treat young children 界和人世之间往返的故事） 。他们出生后仍with great care so that they're not tempted to return, and also with 然与那个世界保持长达数年的联系，如果没some reverence, because they're in contact with the spirit world in a 有得到良好的照顾，他们就可能要返回灵界。way that adults aren't.
因此，父母们悉心照料孩子，以免他们受到诱惑，回归灵界，而且对他们也有几分敬畏，
8 There's a tendency to view children in the UK, and in the 因为他们具备大人所不具备的通灵的本领。 Western world in general, as incompetent and dependent. But this
isn't the case throughout the world. In many societies children work 8. 在英国及其他西方国家，越来越多的人and contribute to the family in whatever way they can from a very 认为儿童缺乏能力，依赖性强。但也不是全early age. A good example of this is childcare. In the UK, it is illegal 世界的人都持这种看法。在很多社会里孩子for a child under the age of 14 to look after another child 从小就开始工作，寻找各种机会为家里挣钱。unsupervised,
because
they're
deemed
incompetent
and 以看管孩子为例，在英国，14岁以下的儿童
irresponsible. In other cultures, this is not the case. Michelle Johnson 在没有成人监督的情况下照看其他孩子是非has written about the Fulani of West Africa describing how by the 法的，因为人们认为他们缺少看孩子的能力age of four, girls are expected to be able to care for their younger 和责任心。而在其他文化里，情况并非如此。siblings, fetch water and firewood and by the age of six will be 米歇尔·约翰逊曾写过西非的富拉尼族女孩四pounding grain, producing milk and butter and selling these 岁就得照看年幼的弟弟妹妹，要打水、拾柴，alongside their mothers in the market.
9 Across the world, among the Yanamam? of the Amazonian
rainforest, another anthropologist, Napoleon Chagnon, has shown 9. 另一位人类学家拿破仑·沙尼翁证实了在how different these children's childhoods are from Western ones, 世界的另一端，地处亚马逊雨林的亚那马莫and also how differently boys and girls grow up in comparison with 族孩子的童年与西方孩子的童年有什么不other parts of the world. He has written how a Yanamam? girl is 同，以及那里的男孩儿女孩儿们跟世界其他expected to help her mother from a young age and by the age of ten 地方的男孩儿女孩儿的成长方式的差异。他
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六岁就得舂米、挤奶、做黄油，并和妈妈一起到市场上去贩卖这些东西。
新标准大学英语综合教程3课文与翻译
will be running a house. By the age of 12 or 13 she is probably 写道，亚那马莫族女孩儿很小就得帮妈妈做married and will have started to have babies. Boys on the other hand, 家务，到十岁就开始管家。到十二、三岁时have far fewer responsibilities. They don't marry until later than girls 可能就结婚生子了。男孩儿的责任则要少得and are allowed to play well into their teens. Western notions of 多，他们比女孩儿晚结婚，可以玩到十八九childhood simply do not \in these cases, where children's 岁。西方的童年观在这里根本不适用，因为competence and responsibilities are understood very differently. 10 Social anthropologists ask questions about how childhood,
and the role of children, is seen within the commUnit ies they study, 10. 社会人类学家探寻的是在他们所研究的rather than how it fits into Western ideas about childhood. By doing 族群里人们是如何看待童年，以及儿童扮演this they seek to avoid imposing outside ideas onto people with very 的角色问题，而不是研究那些地区的童年观different understandings of the world or of making value judgments 是否符合西方的观念。他们这么做是为了避on other people's ways of raising their children. While Westerners 免把外界的观念强加给那些持不同世界观的might take exception to eight- year-old girls working or to 人身上，或者是为了避免对其他民族养育孩12-year-old girls marrying, within their own commUnit ies such 子的方式作价值观方面的判断。西方人可能activities are seen as a normal and positive part of childhood. Indeed, 会反对八岁的女孩儿打工，反对12岁的女孩seen through the eyes of non-Westerners, many \结婚，但在他们自己的族群里，这些事情被childcare practices are seen as extremely bizarre and possibly 视为童年生活的一个积极的常态。的确，在harmful to children. Placing children in rooms of their own, refusing 非西方人看来，许多―正常的‖西方育儿方式to feed them on demand, or letting them cry rather than 极其怪异，可能对孩子是有害的。让孩子在immediately tending to them, are viewed very negatively in many 自己的屋里呆着，想吃东西的时候不给他们societies and lead some to think that Westerners don't know how to 吃，或者任由他们哭闹而不赶快去安抚他们，look after children properly.
11 Childhood is a changing social phenomenon, of continual
fascination and concern. Looking at it from a cross-cultural 11. 童年是一种处于变化之中的社会现象，perspective shows the wide variety of childhoods that exist across 具有持续的吸引力，并且不断受到关注。从the world and warns against interfering in or criticizing people 跨文化角度来看待这个问题能展示出世界上whose lives, and understandings of the world, are very different to 各种各样的童年生活，并警示我们不要随意our own. All societies recognize that children are different to adults 干涉或指责那些生活方式及世界观跟我们不and have particular qualities and needs; what anthropologists and 一样的人。所有的社会都承认儿童和成年人other social scientists are interested in are the ideas that each society 是不同的，他们有自己独特的品性和需求；has about the nature of childhood and the impact these views have 人类学家和社会科学家感兴趣的是每个社会on children's lives.
对儿童的天性都有什么样的看法，以及这些看法又如何影响儿童的生活。
这些在很多社会里都是不对的事情，会让人觉得西方人根本不懂得如何照看孩子。 这里的人们对儿童的能力和责任有着完全不同的理解。
Unit 2-3 Childhood around the world 世界各地的童年 1 My Jewish grandmother used to live close by. She was a 1. 以前，我的犹太奶奶和我住得很近。 她marvelous cook and there would always be something happening in 做得一手好菜，厨房里从来没有消停的时候。 12 / 64