词根辨析

community several miles ahead.(前面几英里的地方有个社区,那儿一般情形之下都很平和。)

panacea中的PAN源自希腊语,意为all, completely, whole, general(panchromatic, pandemic, pandemonium, panegyric, panoply, panoramic, pantheism, pantheon),此外,前缀PAN-可与表示国籍、宗派等的词结合(pan-American),也可与后缀为-ISM, -ISH, -IC等的衍生词结合(pancosmism, pan-Hellenist);panacea中的ACEA也源自希腊语,意为remedy. 不过作为后缀的-ACEA用于构成动物学词汇,表示―(分类学的)纲‖或―目‖(Crustacea),panacea意为―万灵药;秘药;(社会弊病等的)补救方法‖,如:Debt reduction should not be seen as a panacea for the region’s economic problems.(削减债务不应该被视为解决地区经济问题的万灵方。) paragon中的PARA,用于元音字母之前作PAR,源自希腊语,意为beside; beyond or outside; associated with, esp. as an assistant(parabiosis, paradigm, paradox, paralegals, parallel, paralogism, paramedics, parameter, paramilitary, paranoid,

paranormal),用于化学,意为―对(位),聚,仲,副‖(paradiazine),用于医学意为―对,副,衍‖(paratyphoid),此外,PARA-还可表示―保护,庇护,避难‖(parados),还可表示―降落伞、伞兵‖,省略自parachute(paraoperation);后缀-GON表示―…角形‖(hexagon, polygon),paragon意为―(尽善尽美的)模范/典型;优秀的人/物;逸品,殊品;完人;(100克拉以上的)大钻石;特大珍珠‖,还指印刷用的―20点铅字‖,例如:She is a paragon of virtue.(她在美德方面,堪称典范。)

participate中的PARTI即PART,源自拉丁语,意即part,常作为构词成分(particle, parti-colored, particular, particularism, particularity, particulate, partisan/partisan, partite, partition);CIP,也作CAP, CAPT, CEPT, CEIVE, CUP,源自拉丁语,意为to take, to take hold of, to capture,参见misconception;后缀-ATE在此构成动词或形容词,参见abbreviate,participate作vi.意为―参与,参加,有关系;分担;共享;有几分(…的性质等)(of)‖;作vt.意为―分享;分担‖;作adj.意为―由多人或多方参加的;(股票等)使持有人有权分享利益的‖。例如:More than 300 children participated in a clean-up of the park.(有超过300名孩子参与了公园的大扫除。) paternalistic中的PATERN即PATER,也作PATRI/PATR,源自拉丁语,意为father, paternal(compatriot, paterfamilias, paternal, paternalism, paternity, paternoster, patriarchy, patrician, patrilineal, patriot, patriotic, patriotism, patrimony, patron,

patronize, pattern, repatriation, unpatriotic);后缀-AL参见bilingual;后缀-IST参见archaeologist;后缀-IC用于构成形容词时,表示:1.―…的‖,―…似的‖,―…性的‖(basic, poetic),paternalistic中的-IC即为此意;2.―与…有关的‖(Asiatic, seismic, volcanic);3.―由…产生的‖,―由…引起的‖(photographic, symphonic);4.―由…组成的‖,―含有…的(‖alcoholic, dactylic);5.原子价较高的(指与-OUS结尾的词相比)(ferric, sulphuric);后缀-IC用于构成名词时,表示:1.学术,艺术(arithmetic, logic, music);2.具有某种性质或特征(classic, critic);3.―呈现出…‖,―受…影响(‖rustic);4.―产生(‖anaesthetic)。paternalistic意为―家长式统治的;家长作风的,家长式的‖,如:The company had the reputation of being an old-fashioned, paternalistic employer.(该公司因其作为一家旧式、家长作风的雇主而闻名。)

patricide中的PATRI意为father,参见上文;CIDE,也作CIS,源自拉丁语,意为to cut, to cut down, to kill, to slay(CIDE还意为killer, act of killing)(circumcise,

circumcision, concise, decide, decision, decisive, excise, fratricide, fungicide, genocide, homicide, incision, incisive, incisor, indecision, indecisive, infanticide, insecticide, matricide, pesticide, precise, precision),patricide意为―杀父(行为),弑父;杀父者,弑父者‖,可参照matricide等词。

pentathlon中的PENT-即PENTA-用于元音字母之前的形式,源自希腊语,意为five(pentagon, pentagram, pentahedron, pentameter, pentangular, pentarchy,

Pentateuch);ATHLON也源自希腊语,意为contest or trial(decathlon),pentathlon意为―五项运动‖,即田径比赛全能运动之一,如:The modern pentathlon includes swimming, cross-country running, horseback riding, fencing, and target shooting.(现代五项运动包括游泳、越野赛跑、马术、击剑以及射击。)

penumbra中的PEN源自拉丁语,意为almost(peninsula, penultimate);UMBRA,也作UMBR,源自拉丁语,意为shadow(adumbrate, umber, umbrage, umbrella),penumbra意为―(绘画中)画面浓淡相交出‖,用于物理学指―半影,黑影周围的半阴影‖,用于天文学指―太阳黑子周围的半暗部;(星面部的)阴影‖,也用于比喻义,如:This area of the investigation was the penumbra where both the FBI and CIA wanted to pursue their leads.(调查的这一范围并不明确,联邦调查局和中情局都有意在此主导。) periscope中的前缀PERI-源自希腊语,可表示:1.周围(periphery);2.近,迫(perigee, perihelion);3.围绕,围入;包围(pericardial, periodontal);SCOP也源自希腊语,意为to see(microscope, microscopic, scope, telescope, telescopic),periscope意为―(潜水艇用)潜望镜;潜望镜镜头‖,形容词periscopic或periscopical意为―潜望镜(用)的;(照相机等)广角的,适于瞭望周围的;概观的‖,如:a periscopic lens(大角度的镜头)

perfidious中的前缀PER-可表示:1.通,总,遍(perfect, pervade),perfidious中的PER-即为此意;2.极,甚(perfervid);3.用于化学,指―过,高‖(peroxide);FID,有时也作FI,源自拉丁语,意为trust, faith(affiance, affidavit, bona fide, confidant, defiance, defiant, defy, diffident, fidelity, fiduciary, infidel, infidelity, perfidy);后缀-IOUS参见noxious,perfidious意为―不忠实的,叛变的;背信弃义的‖,如:They participated in planning a perfidious scheme.(他们参与策划了一项叛变阴谋。) pernicious中的前缀PER-意为extremely,参见上文;NIC,也作NEC, NOX,源自拉丁语,意为killing or slaying,参见internecine;形容词后缀-IOUS参见noxious,pernicious意为―有害的,有毒的;恶性的,致命的‖,如:the pernicious effects of advertising(广告的有害影响)/ a pernicious lie(恶毒的谎言)/ a climate pernicious to health(有害健康的气候)/ a pernicious scheme(恶毒的阴谋)

perquisite中的前缀PER-意为thoroughly,参见perfidious;QUIS源自拉丁语,意为to seek or obtain(acquisitive, inquisition, requisition),QUER, QUIR, QUES是与QUIS同源的词根(inquiry, question);后缀-ITE参见graphite,perquisite意为―临时津贴,临时收入‖,在英国指―(给仆役等的)赏钱,酒钱‖,在法国指―(庄园领主的)不定期收入;特权享有的东西‖,如:One of the perquisites of my last job was the use of a company car.(我前一个工作的额外好处之一是可以使用一部公司的车子。) perspicacious中的PER-意为thoroughly,参见perfidious;SPIC,也作SPEC, SPECT,有时作SPIS,源自拉丁语,意为to look, look at or behold(aspect, auspicious,

bespectacled, circumspect, conspicuous, despicable, despise, disrespect, expect, expectant, expectation, inspector, introspection, perspective, perspicacity, prospect, respect, respectable, special, specific, specification, specify, specious, spectacle, spectacular, spectator, specter, spectrum, speculate, suspect, suspicion, suspicious);形容词后缀-ACIOUS意为―有…倾向的,爱…的,…多的‖(loquacious, pugnacious),perspicacious意为―颖悟的;敏锐的;聪明的‖,古意为―眼光锐利的‖,如:a perspicacious critic(一位敏锐的批评家)

phantasm中的PHAN可作词根,也作PHEN, FAN,phantasm 也是源自希腊语的拉丁语借词

,意为to appear or seem, to present to the mind(diaphanous, fanciful, fantasy, phantasmagoria, phenomenon),phantasm为希腊语借词,意为―幻像,幻影;幽灵;幻想,空想‖,古意为―幻觉,错觉‖,如:When night fell, his imagination filled the old, dark house with phantasms.(当夜幕降临,在他想象中,那所阴暗的老房子显得鬼影曈曈。)

phenomenon中的PHEN即PHAN,参见上文;phenomenon为拉丁语借词,源自希腊语,phenomenon意为―(哲学的)现象,事件(pl. phenomena);稀有现象;奇迹;珍奇;珍品;非凡的人(pl. phenomenons);(医学的)症候‖,如:It’s a TV program about the phenomenon of international terrorism.(这个电视节目是有关国际恐怖主义现象的。)/ Still walking five miles a day at the age of 100, the woman was an absolute phenomenon.(都100岁高龄了还每天步行5英里,这位老妇真可谓奇人。)

philosophy中的PHILO,即PHIL,源自希腊语,意为love, loving, to love, to like(anglophile, bibliophile, Philadelphia, philanderer, philanthropist, philanthropy, philharmonic, philologist, philology, philosopher),参见bibliophile,另参见前缀MISO-;SOPH也源自希腊语,意为wisdom(sophist, sophisticate, sophisticated, sophistry, Sophocles, sophomore);后缀-Y在此表示抽象名词,参见heterodoxy,philosophy意为―哲学;哲理,哲学体系;世界观,人生观;宗旨;(某一门学科的)基本原理;哲学家的态度,达观,泰然自若;悟道,大悟;(除医学、法学、神学外的)所有学科;(古语指)中世纪大学的高等学术‖,如:the philosophy of Nietzsche(尼采的思想体系)/ Eastern religions and philosophies(东方的宗教与哲学)/ My philosophy is, I leave work at 6 o’clock and forget all about it till the next day.(我的态度是,6点下班之后就再也不想工作的事,等到第二天上班再说。) phosphorescent中的PHOS,也作PHOT/PHOTO,源自希腊语,意为light(phosphor, phosphorus, photogenic, photography, photon, photosynthesis);PHOR也源自希腊语,意为to carry, to bear,后缀-PHORE则意为bearer, carrier(phoresis, semaphore);PHOS与PHOR构成的前缀PHOSPHOR-,也作PHOSPHORO-,表示―磷,磷光,含磷的‖(phosphorate, phosphoresce, phosphorescence, phosphorograph, phosphorography, phosphoroscope, phosphorous),而前缀PHOSPHO-/PHOSPH-仅表示―磷‖(phosphate, phosphide, phosphonic);形容词后缀-ESCENT表示―开始…,变为…‖,―…期的‖,―…性的‖(adolescent, evanescent, obsolescent, recrudescent),对应的名词后缀为-ESCENCE,表示―作用‖,―变化‖,―过程‖,―状态‖(convalescence, luminescence),对应的动词后缀为-ESCE,常用于拉丁语系动词之后,表示―开始…‖,―…起来‖,―渐渐…‖,―…化‖(等)(convalesce, efferoesce),phosphorescent意为―发磷光的,磷光质的‖,

如:a pale green phosphorescent light(绿磷质的弱光)

photosynthesis中的PHOTO意为light,参见上文;前缀SYN-,用于字母l之前作SYL-,用于b, m, p之前作SYM-,用于r之前作SYR-,用于s之前作SYS-或SY-,表示―共,合,同,与,连,类(‖asymmetric, syllable, syllabus, syllogism, symbiosis, symbiotic, symmetrical, symmetry, sympathetic, sympathy, symphonic, symphony, symposium, symptom, symptomatic, synagogue, synapse, synchronize, synchronous, syndrome, synergistic, synergy, synonym, synopsis, synthesis, synthetic, system, systematic, systematize);THESIS意为putting(antithesis, synthesis, thesis),photosynthesis意为―光合作用;光能合成‖,如:Sagebrush survives in harsh climates because it is capable of carrying on photosynthesis at very low temperatures.(山艾能在恶劣的气候中存活下来是由于在低温条件之下还能进行光合作用。) placebo中的PLAC,也作PLAIS,源自拉丁语,意为to please or to be agreeable to, to soothe or calm(complaisant, implacable, placidity, pleasing, pleasant, pleasurable),参见complaisant;placebo来自拉丁语,拉丁语原意为I shall please,英语词placebo意为―晚祷悼声或丧歌;安慰物,安慰剂;宽心话‖,如:Your words have placebo effect to her.(你的话对她有安慰之效。)

politicize中的POLIT,也作POLI, POLIS,源自希腊语,意为city,参见metropolis;后缀-IC参见paternalistic;动词后缀-IZE参见centralize,politicize作vi.意为―进行政治活动;谈论政治‖,作vt.意为―使政治化;从政治上处理‖,如:Abortion is already a highly politicized issue.(堕胎是否合法是个高度政治化的议题。)

polytheism中的前缀POLY源自希腊语,意为many(polyandry, polychromatic, polychrome, polygamy, polyglot, polygon, polygraph, polymer, polymorphous,

polyphonic, polyphony, polysyllabic, polytechnic, polytheistic);THE,也作THEO,源自希腊语,意为god(apotheosis, atheistic, monotheism, pantheistic, theocracy,

theology);后缀-ISM用于构成抽象名词,参见capitalism,polytheism意为―多神教;多神论,多神主义(‖反义词为monotheism),如:Hinduism is a religion primarily in India which is based on polytheism.(印度教是印度的主要宗教,以多神论为基石。)

popular中的POPUL源自拉丁语,意为people(people, populace, population, populist, populous, vox populi);后缀-AR可表示:1.…的,…性的,…似的(familiar, polar, similar),popular中的-AR即为此意;2.……的人/物(altar, scholar);3.相当于名词后缀-ER, -OR(beggar, liar);popular作adj.意为―人民的,民众的,大众的,民间的;通俗的,普通的,平易的;有人望的,得人心的,有名气的;受欢迎的;流行的;大众化的;(民间)流传的;便宜的,低廉的‖,美国俚语中意为―自以为了不起的,骄傲的‖;作n.意为―大众音乐会,流行音乐会‖,即popular concert. 例如:Baggy jeans are now popular with teenagers.(如今,宽大的牛仔裤在十多岁的少年中很流行。)/ Contrary to popular belief, dogs are not colorblind.(与通常的看法相反的是,狗并非色盲。)/ Opposition leaders are calling for a popular uprising against the government.(反对党领袖们号召民众起义反对政府。) portentous中的POR源自拉丁语,意为forth(porrect, portend, portent);TENT,也作TEND, TENS,源自拉丁语,意为to stretch, to go, to strive,参见hypertension;后缀-OUS参见analogous,portentous意为―预兆的;不吉的;可惊的,怪异的;奇特

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