词根辨析

正在复兴未艾。)

renegade中的RE-用于加强语气,参见recompense;NEG意为to say no(abnegation, negate, negative, negligible, renege);由后缀-ADE构成的词可表示:1.动作(blockade),renegade中的-ADE即为此意;2.行动中的集团(cavalcade);3.动作的结果或成品(masquerade, pomade);4.某些饮料(lemonade);renegade作n.意为―叛教者,改信伊斯兰教的基督徒;变节者,叛徒,脱党者‖;作adj.意为―叛教的,变节的‖;作vi.意为―背叛,变节;脱党;背教‖,如:As a renegade from liberalism, the neoconservative mocked all his former beliefs.(作为自由主义阵营的背叛者,新保守主义者嘲弄其先前所有的信仰。)

replenish中的前缀RE-意为again,参见recompense;PLEN,也作PLET, PLE, PLI, PLY,源自拉丁语,意为to fill; full(complement, complementary, complete, compliance, comply, deplete, depletion, expletive, plenary, plenitude, plenteous, plentiful, plenty, replete, supplement, supply);后缀-ISH用于构成形容词时表示:1.―…的‖,―…民族的‖,―…语的‖(English, heathenish, Swedish);2.―…似的‖,―…气的‖,―患…的‖(fiendish, foolish, selfish, feverish);3.―…一样的‖(childish, girlish, monkish);4.―微…的‖(coldish, greenish);-ISH也可用于构成动词(abolish, finish, punish),replenish中的-ISH即为此用法;replenish意为―再斟满,再装满(with);装足,装满,补充(钱袋等);加强‖,如:As more workers retire, new employees are needed to replenish the workforce.(随着更多的劳工退休,必须有新雇员加入生产大军。)

reprobate中的前缀RE-意为back, backward,参见recompense;PROB也作PROV,源自拉丁语,意为to prove; proof, honesty, integrity(approbation, disprove, probate, probity, prove);后缀-ATE参见abbreviate,reprobate作vt.意为―拒绝,排斥;谴责‖,用于宗教指―(上帝)摒弃;(天)罚‖;作adj.意为―为上帝摒弃的;邪恶的,堕落的‖;作n.意为―为上帝摒弃的人;堕落的人;恶棍‖,如:reprobate behavior(堕落的行为)/ a nasty old reprobate(下流的老恶棍)

resistance中的前缀RE-意为back,参见recompense;SIST源自拉丁语,意为to stand, to set(assist, assistance, consist, consistency, consistent, desist, exist, existence, inconsistent, insist, insistence, persist, persistence, resist, resistance, resistant, subsist, subsistence);名词后缀-ANCE,参见ascendancy,resistance意为―抵抗,反抗,抗拒,抵御;敌对,抵抗力,反抗力,阻力‖,用于生物学指―抗病性‖,用于电学指―电阻;阻抗;电阻器‖,例如:It’s surprising how little resistance there’s been to the new budget plan.(令人惊讶的是,新的预算计划遇到的阻力出奇地小。)/ Vitamins can build up your resistance to colds and flu.(维他命能增强人体对于伤风与流感的抵抗力。)

retrogression中的前缀RETRO-表示―向后,倒退,追溯‖(retroact, retroaction, retroactive, retrocede, retrocession, retrogradation, retrograde, retrogress, retrorocket, retrospect, retrospection, retroversion);GRESS,也作GRAD,偶尔作GRED,源自拉丁语,意为to step, to walk(aggression, aggressive, aggressor, centigrade, congressional, degradation, degrade, degree, digress, digression, egress, gradation,

gradient, gradual, graduate, ingredient, ingress, progress, progression, regress, regression, retrogressive, transgress, transgression),参见biodegradable;名词后缀-ION此处表示过程,参见abstraction,retrogression意为―后退,倒退,退步,消退,堕落,衰微‖,用于生物学指―退化‖,用于天文学指―逆行(运动)‖,用于化学指―逆反应‖,例如:There has been a major retrogression in relations between the two nations.(两国关系出现了全面倒退。)

revoke中的前缀RE-意为back,参见recompense;VOK,也作VOC,源自拉丁语,意为to call, to speak, to use voice(avocation, convocation, convoke, evocative, evoke, invocation, invoke, provocation, provoke, revocation, vocabulary, vocation),revoke作vt.意为―取消,撤销,收回,作废,废除,解除(命令、权利、诺言等)‖;作vi. 或n.用于排戏,指―(不跟出同样花色的牌)犯规另出他牌‖(make a revoke),例如:His license was revoked for selling alcohol to minors.(他卖酒给未成年人,被吊销了营业执照。)

revolve中的前缀RE-意为again,参见recompense;VOLV,也作VOLU/VOLUT,源自拉丁语,意为to roll, wind, turn around, or twist around(convoluted, devolution, evolution, voluble),revolve作vi.意为―旋转,绕转;运行,周转‖,用于天文学指―公转,循环‖;作vt.意为―使旋转;使周转;细想,转念头,盘算‖,例如:A green and blue mobile revolved slowly above our heads.(一个蓝绿相间的活动装置在我们的头顶上方慢慢旋转。)/ You’re so selfish – you think the world revolves around you, don’t you?(你太自私了——你认为自己重要到世界要围着你转,不是吗?)

sacrosanct中的SACRO,也作SACR, SANCT,源自拉丁语,意为holy(sacrament, sacred, sacrifice, sacrilege, sacrilegious, sacristy, sanctify, sanctimony, sanction, sanctuary),sacrosanct集合了同一词根的两种形式,cascade也是这种情况,不同的是,sacrosanct的字面义为made holy by a sacred rite,两个不同形式的词根各有含义,cascade的同一词根的两种形式起的是强调作用,sacrosanct意为―神圣不可侵犯的‖,如:Marriage is no longer sacrosanct – in fact, it isn’t even seen as necessary.(婚姻再也不是神圣不可侵犯的了——事实上,甚至未必被视为必要了。)

scansion中的SCANS,即SCAND/SCEND,源自拉丁语,意为to climb(ascend, condescend, descend, descendant, transcend),参见ascendancy;名词后缀-ION参见abstraction,scansion意为―按(轻重)节奏/韵律念,节奏/韵律分析‖。

segmental中的SEG,也作SEC, SECT,源自拉丁语,意为to cut(bisect, dissect, insect, intersect, intersection, sect, section, sector, segmentation, vivisection);后缀-MENT参见implement;后缀-AL参见bilingual,segmental也作segmentary,意为―节的;段的;分节的;分段的;部分的;线段的;弓形的;圆缺的;球缺的‖,用于生物学指―环节的;体节的;分节的‖,如:segmental organ(环节器官)/ segmental phonemes(分解音素[指音节中的元音、辅音和半元音])

semitone中的SEMI,源自拉丁语,也作HEMI,源自希腊语,意为half,参见

demitasse, hemiplegia;TONE独立成词,semitone用于音乐,意为―半音;半音程‖,如:a major/minor semitone(长/短半音)

sensuous中的SENSU,即SENS,也作SENT,有时也作SENTI,源自拉丁语,意为to feel; feeling, sense(sensation, sensational, sense, sensual, sentient, sentiment);后缀-OUS参见analogous,sensuous意为―感觉(上)的;感官的;敏感的;官能享受的;(引起)美感的;审美的‖,sensuous与sensual的不同之处在于前者不含丑恶意义。例如:We saw a performance of Wagner's sensuous opera, ―Tristan und Isolde‖.(我们观赏了瓦格纳的―Tristan und Isolde‖,享受了一场歌剧盛宴,。)

signet中的SIGN独立成词,亦可作词根,源自拉丁语,意为sign or mark(assignation, design, designate, resign, sign, signatory);后缀-ET的用法:1. a) [主要加在法语的名词之后]表示―小‖(bullet, eaglet, fillet, islet, sonnet),signet中的-ET即为此意(但hatchet, packet, pocket等已失去―小‖的意义);b) 表示―组‖,―组合(‖octet, quartet, quintet);c) 表示―穿上的东西‖(anklet);2.也作-ETE,表示―…者‖,―做…的人‖(aesthete, athlete, poet)。signet意为―印;图章;玺(the signet);(比喻)痕迹,影像‖,苏格兰语中,writer to the signet一语用于法律,指―律师‖。例如:signet ring(图章戒指)

simulacrum中的SIMUL,也作SIMIL,源自拉丁语,意为to make like; like, resembling, similar(assimilate, facsimile, similar, simile, simultaneous),参见assimilate;simulacrum源自意为simulate的拉丁语动词simulare,simulacrum (pl. simulacra)意为―像;影,幻影;伪品,假象‖,如:Life reverted to a simulacrum of what it had been. (M. Scammell)(生活回到了曾对其有过的幻想之中。)

soluble中的SOLU,也作SOLUT, SOLV,源自拉丁语,意为to loosen, free, release(absolve, dissolution, dissolve, resolve, solution, solve, solvent),参见absolve;后缀-BLE即-ABLE参见biodegradable,soluble意为―可溶的,易溶解的(in);能解释的,能解决的‖,用于数学指―可解的‖,如:To the optimistic young principal, the school’s problems looked challenging but soluble.(校长又乐观又年轻,对他而言,学校的问题看起来虽然充满挑战,但也都能解决。)

somniloquy中的SOMNI,也作SOMN,源自拉丁语,意为sleep(somnambulate, somniferous, somnolence/somnolency, Somnus);LOQU,也作LOC, LOCUT,源自拉丁语,意为to speak, to talk(circumlocution, colloquial, colloquy, elocution, eloquence, eloquent, interlocutor, locution, loquacious, soliloquy, ventriloquist);-Y此处用作抽象名词后缀,somniloquy也作somniloquence,意为―说梦话,梦呓‖。

subjunctive中的前缀SUB-可表示:1.在…之下,在下(substernal, subway);2.次级的;局部的;副;再,分,子(subperfect, subheading, subspecies, subdivide, sublet, subprogram);3.稍微,接近,近乎;次,亚,逊(subacid, subalpine, subaquatic, subatom, subtropical, subcylindrical, subdelirium, suberect, subhuman);4.[附加在倍数形容词之前表示该数的倒数](subdouble = 1: 2 [double = 2: 1], subtriple = 1:3 [triple = 3: 1]),SUB-加在以字母c, f, g, m, p, r等开头的源自拉丁语的词前时,分别写作SUC-, SUF-, SUG, SUM, SUP-, SUR-,在字母c, p, t之前又常写作SUS-;JUNCT,偶尔作JUNT,源自拉丁语,意为join(adjunct, conjunction, disjunction, injunction, junction, junta);后缀-IVE参见impulsive,subjunctive是个语法用词,作adj.意为―虚拟的,假设的‖,

如:the subjunctive mood(虚拟语气);作n.意为―虚拟语气;(动词的)虚拟时态‖。 subservient中的前缀SUB-意为below,参见subjunctive;SERVI即SERV,源自拉丁语,意为to be subject to(servant, serve, service, serviceable, servile, servitude);后缀-ENT参见accident,subservient意为―充当下手的,充当工具(的);从属的;有帮助的,有用的,有贡献的;卑躬曲节的‖,如:The rights of the individual are made subservient to the interests of the state.(个人权利的设置从属于国家利益。)

succeed中的SUC-即SUB-,意为near,参见subjunctive;CEED,也作CED, CESS,源自拉丁语,意为to go, to move, to yield,参见intercession,succeed作vt.意为―继…之后,继续;接着…发生‖,用于诗歌指―使成功‖;作vi.意为―成功,获得成效;(计划等)顺利进行;继承,承受;接连,接着发生(to)‖,意为―继承‖等对应的n., adj.分别为succession, successive;意为―成功‖等对应的n., adj.分别为success, successful. 例如:Officers succeeded in persuading the man to put down his gun.(官员们成功说服那个人放下了枪。)/ Nobody thought he would ever succeed as an artist.(没人想过他会成为一个艺术家,还做的不错。)

superlative中的前缀SUPER-意为―在…之上;从上;再;特别;极,过度;超;总;次,副‖(superabundance, superaddition, superannuated, superclass, supercolossal, super-conductor, supercrescent, supercriminal, superexcellent, superfine, superhuman, superimpose, superinduction, superintendent, supernational, supersaturate, superscription, supersensitive);LAT源自拉丁语,为词根FER的过去分词形式,意为to carry, to bear(collate, collation, correlation, elated, elation, interrelated, oblation, relative, translate, translation);后缀-IVE参见impulsive,superlative作adj.意为―最上的,最高的‖,用于语法指―最高级的‖,the superlative degree即―最高级‖;作n.用于语法指―最高级;最高级词/形式‖,如:superlative special effects(最特殊的效果)/ full of superlatives((话等)夸张的)/ speak in superlatives(夸大其词地讲)

survival中的前缀SUR-与SUPER-相关,SUR-出现于来自古法语的英语词中与SUPER-同义(surcharge, surface, surpass, surrender);用于科学术语中与SUPER-, SUPRA-同义(surrenal = suprarenal);VIV,也作VIVI, VIT,源自拉丁语,意为life; to live or be alive(convivial, revitalize, revival, revive, revivify, survive, survivor, vital, vitality, vitally, vitamin, vivacious, vivacity, vivid, vivify, viviparous, vivisect, vivisection);后缀-AL参见bilingual,survival意为―生存;残存;幸存;残存者;成活(植株);残余,残存物,遗物,遗风‖,如:the survival of the fittest(适者生存)/ philosophy of survival(保命哲学)/ Rain forest destruction is threatening the cultural survival of the Yanomami people.(热带雨林的破坏威胁着亚诺玛米人文化上的遗世独存。) suppose中的SUP-即SUB-,此处意为under,参见subjunctive;POS,也作PON,源自拉丁语,意为to put, to place,参见postpone,suppose意为―设想,推测;猜想某事/某人如何(to do; to be);假定[证题时用语,和given, provided通用];意味着;必须先假定,以…为必需条件‖;用现在分词放在句首或祈使语气时意为―如果…好不好‖;用于口语意为―如果‖(= if)。例如:You’re not supposed to smoke in the building.(你不能在这座楼内吸烟。)/ Mattie supposed he would ask her to marry him.(玛蒂猜想他会向她求婚。)

suspend中的SUS-即SUB-,此处意为under,参见subjunctive;PEND,也作PENS,

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