The researchers recreated the social networks of 4,739 participants whose happiness was measured from 1983 to 2003. Important family changes for each participant -- such as birth, death, marriage, or divorce -- were also recorded. The participants were also asked to name family members, close friends, co-workers, and neighbors.
After the researchers identified more than 50,000 social and family ties and analyzed the spread of happiness through the group, they concluded that the happiness of an immediate social contact increased an individual's chances of becoming happy by 15%.
The happiness of a second-degree contact, such as the spouse of a friend, increases the likeliness of becoming happy by 10%, and the happiness of a third-degree contact -- or the friend of a friend of a friend -- increases the likelihood of becoming happy by 6%. The association was not seen in fourth-degree contacts.
Having more friends also increased happiness, but having friends who were happy was a much bigger influence on happiness.
Fowler says the findings do not mean you should avoid unhappy people, but that you should make an effort whenever you can to spread happiness.
1. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word \ A) Bad habit. B) Disease. C) Gaining weight. D) Being very fat.
2. Which of the following social contact of a person is fourth-degree? A) His wife. B) His child's teacher's friends. C) His friends' friends' friends. D) His wife's friends' friends' friends.
3. Which social contact is the contact whose happiness has the greatest influence on a person? A) Immediate. B) Second-degree. C) Third-degree. D) Fourth-degree.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A) Having more friends can make one happier. B) Having friends who are happy is even more important than having more friends if one wants to be happy. C) The people who have closer social ties with a person may have greater influence on that person's happiness. D) The researchers found certain relationship between a person's happiness and his fourth-degree contact's happiness.
5. The most appropriate title for this article should be ______. A) Happiness Is Contagious B) The More Friends We Have, The Happier C) Relationships Affect Happiness D) Spread Happiness Whenever We can Passage One
WHO has received US$ 9.7 million in grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to work with UNICEF to conduct crucial research in children's medicines, with the aim of increasing the number of child-size medicines designed and formulated specifically for children.
Currently, many medicines are only designed for adults. More than 50% of medicines prescribed for children have either not been developed specifically for children or have not been proven to be effective and safe for their use. Therefore, many children lack access to essential treatment
because no suitable pediatric dosage or formulation of the necessary medicine exists, or those that do exist are not available or are too expensive.
\must take the guess work out of medicines for children,\said Carissa Etienne, Assistant Director-General, WHO. \lack the critical evidence needed to deliver appropriate, effective, affordable medicines that might save them.\
As an unsafe alternative to missing pediatric medicines, health-care workers and parents often use fractions of adult dosage or prepare makeshift prescriptions of medicines by crushing tablets or dissolving portions of capsules in water. Other challenges include the need for more clinical trials and research to be carried out on pediatric medicines.
\children that have never been properly tested for them,\said Dr. Hans Hogerzeil, Director of Essential Medicines and Pharmaceutical Policies, WHO. \coordination of United Nations agencies and key experts in the world to address this urgent problem.\
Globally, 1,000 children under the age of five die every hour. Diarrhea(腹泻)diseases account for 17% of these deaths. The optimal treatment for diarrhea is zinc with oral rehydration salts(口服补液盐). Yet, in a recent study of health facilities zinc was the least available of all pediatric medicines. And when zinc is available, it is not licensed as a treatment to reduce diarrhea -- leaving pharmacists to concoct doses -- and it is both unpleasant tasting and difficult to administer. To reduce child mortality in this area, easy-to-use, palatable and appropriate dosages are needed. Another major cause of under-five mortality is pneumonia, leading to 17% of deaths each year. Effective treatment of pneumonia requires 50mg of amoxicillin(阿莫西林)per kilogram of child's weight per day for three to five days. An easy-to-use package of oral amoxicillin providing the appropriate dose would ensure the right course of medicine is taken, and thus help reduce child mortality.
1. Why do WHO and UNICEF conduct the research in children's medicines? A) Because it is quite profitable. B) Because children can't take the medicines for adults. C) Because children are in great need of medicines designed and formulated specifically for them. D) Because Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has donated a large amount of money.
2. What is the possible meaning of the underlined phrase \ A) Children's medicines. B) Secure medicines. C) Internal medicines. D) External medicines.
3. When a child needs to take some medicines, what do the parents often have to do? A) Decide the dosage by themselves. B) Choose tablets instead of capsules. C) Make the medicines taste better.
D) Choose medicines that are not suitable for children in dosage and formulation. 4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A) Despite some progress in research, many medicines are yet not secure enough for
children. B) Experts of WHO will play the leading role in this research. C) Certain children's medicines are either unavailable or too expensive when in need. D) Zinc with oral rehydration salts is the best treatment for Diarrhea. 5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? A) Diarrhea and pneumonia have caused more than 1/3 of the deaths of children under the age of five. B) Zinc is illegal as a treatment even though it is quite effective for Diarrhea. C) Antibiotics are not used to fight pneumonia. D) Amoxicillin is for external use only. Passage Two
The use of IQ tests in the educational placement of mildly retarded children (who are sometimes called the \in recent years. The controversy is not merely abstract or theoretical: it has been the focus of two lawsuits in federal courts. Plaintiffs have charged that IQ tests are biased against minority children, that they systematically underestimate their abilities, and that this bias leads to a disproportionately large representation of minority students in EMR classes.
The battle has been fought in federal courts in California and Illinois. Though the issues were virtually identical in the two cases, the outcomes were not. In 1979, the California public schools were enjoined from using standardized IQ tests in the placement of minority school children in EMR classes. The court became convinced, after hearing extensive expert testimony from both sides, that the rights of minority children under the Constitution and various federal antidiscrimination statutes were violated by the use of the tests. A federal judge in Illinois, on the other hand, after hearing very similar testimony and considering the same legal theories, permitted the Chicago public schools to use the tests condemned by the California judge. The Illinois judge based his decision that the tests were not biased primarily on his personal examination of the test items, rather than on the expert testimony that was presented. In both the California and Illinois cases, the losing sides appealed. The ultimate legal outcome is uncertain, and the matter may well reach the U.S. Supreme Court.
Both the scientific and legal issues involved in these cases are extremely complex. The concept of %under some definitions and yet be unbiased under others. Another important question, of course, is whether placement in an EMR class benefits children, or whether, as the plaintiffs in these lawsuits charged, such placement \the children and impedes their educational progress. The data on this question are not unequivocal.
Even if the tests can be shown to have a discriminatory impact, it is not yet clear whether, on that account alone, their use would be unlawful. It may be necessary to show an \to discriminate to prove a violation of the rights of minority children. The law in this area is not yet settled.
1. What is the aim of IQ tests in this passage? A) To select the most intelligent children. B) To separate minority children from others. C) To identify who are the EMR children. D) To decide who are educable.
2. In both cases, the IQ tests are charged ______. A) to deliberately underestimate the ability of minority children B) to be unfair for minority children C) to make minority children isolated in EMR classes D) to fail to identify the EMR children
3. Which of the following may be the equivalent of the underlined word \in Paragraph 1 and 3? A) Accusers. B) Lawyers. C) Law officers. D) Victims. 4. Why did the two cases have different outcomes? A) Because the issues involved were different. B) Because the Constitution was violated in the California case while it wasn't in the Illinois one. C) Because the Illinois judge gave his decision after examining the test items personally, whereas the California judge tended to accept expert testimony. D) Because laws are different in the two states.
5. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A) A universal concept has been given for \
B) Minority children can't benefit from the placement in an EMR class. C) In EMR classes, certain children have progressed a lot.
D) Some legal issues concerning IQ tests are yet to be resolved for IQ tests. Passage One
Budget-cutting measures being pursued in higher education are often based on faulty premises and insufficient information. These measures too quickly cut to institutions' educational core, unnecessarily compromising quality and productivity.
To many people, it makes sense that faculty should be major targets for savings. They share the widespread beliefs that higher education has high labor costs and faculty are the principal labor cost driver. They reason that to achieve major savings, you address the major costs.
But the reasoning is faulty, based on an inaccurate view of higher education costs and faculty. Permanent faculty often represent less than a quarter of institutional employees and of total institutional costs. Moreover, faculty costs have not been rising significantly. What has been rising is the use of less costly contemporary faculty. Finally, faculty salary increases have been well below tuition increases and salary increases for senior administrators. The growing costs in the academy lie outside the academic core.
Current choices are frequently being made without careful analysis and deliberation. Faculty and other campus community members often have insufficient access to information about finances, even when administrators call for extraordinary measures. Often, there is insufficient consultation with faculty or other constituencies, and insufficient consideration of cost saving options provided by the very professionals who understand best how the institution works and who can identify strategies for achieving efficiencies without undercutting quality and productivity.
Finally, current measures too often cut to the core not of institutional costs, but of educational quality and productivity. Faculty are not just labor costs; they are intellectual capital. They generate value for the organization and society. They do not just cost money, they produce revenue.