第四讲 │ 词义猜测题
一、题型解读
词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解题中一种常见的题型。通过对近几年江苏高考英语阅读理解题的分析统计可以看出，词义猜测题一般有1～2题。常见的考查方式有：
考点1 考点2 词义猜测题 考点3 考点4 猜测指代题 猜测句意题 猜测词义题 猜测短语题 二、设问方式
词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义，常见的命题形式有： ·The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”.
·Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?
·The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”.
·What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean?
·The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”. ·The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “________”. 三、常见生词类型
在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：
1.旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义，如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course，where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.
我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。 2.合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；
3.“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解； 4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景； 5.超纲生词。
猜测词义题
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读C)
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.
29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragr-aph 2 mean? A.Tested. C.Forced out.
B.Separated. D.Tracked down.
答案 C [词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。] 【技巧点拨】
如何解决词义猜测题？
1.根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由定语从句、同位语(同位语前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，or rather，say等)或同位语从句来定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容或引号中的内容加以解释，理解这些定义或解释就是在理解词义。
2.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中如有对两个事物或两种现象的对比性描述，我们可以从生词的对立面猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示
对比关系的句子结构有：while引导的并列句。表示比较关系的词语主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。
3.通过构词法猜测词义。生词的前缀、后缀、复合词的各部分，词性的变化都可以暗示出词义。
(1)不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；
(2)不管这个词多熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。
猜测短语题
[典例] (2017·江苏高考·阅读B)
Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule__the__roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”. A.be the worst C.be just as bad
B.be the best D.be just as good
答案 B [本段一开始提到婴儿在辨别母亲的声音方面能力非常强，然后用了一个转折连词“But”，说明其后的内容“鸟类在胎教方面”应该是做得最好。故选B。] 【技巧点拨】
如何解决猜测短语题？
猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。
猜测指代题
[典例] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ·阅读C)
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New
Orleans
to
celebrate
the
first
annual
International
Jazz
Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)
recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.
29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.Jazz becoming more accessible. B.The production of jazz growing faster. C.Jazz being less popular with the young. D.The jazz audience becoming larger.
答案 C [代词指代题。根据前文Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知尽管UNESCO为爵士乐设了纪念日，但美国的爵士乐听众依然在减少，并且年龄在老化，爵士乐没能将年轻一代人连接起来。再结合It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that(是Jason Moran的工作帮助改变那一情况)可推测that指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引力的现象。故选C。] 【技巧点拨】
如何解决猜测指代题？
此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则——代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。
猜测句意题
[典例] (2017·江苏高考·阅读D)
When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change