1.添加关键例句（EG）方便理解，其中对比的部分和manhattan原版一样例句加注下划线或大写； 2.我认为比较生僻和重要的语法点用黑体加粗； 3.把原版曼哈顿总计14章内容压缩到了12章，
4.每章内容所对应的OG12, Verbal Review, Verbal OG 2题号以橙色斜体标出。
一、SC 的做题方法与原则
1、不是找对的，而是选最好的。
2、方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根 据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。
3、做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子 中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。
4、GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and conci sion, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修
饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法 二、意思与句子简洁
GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误 STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确 STEP 3、是否简洁 （一） 意思 1、正确用词
①Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的 ②Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的
③Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认?known for known fore:\\有道词典\\resultui\\strksrchresult.html详细?因…而闻名 ④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值
⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权
⑥Native of- 一个人出生在某地 ；native to 一个人来自某地 ⑦Range of –多种的； ranging-变化 ⑧ Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格…
⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向 ⑩Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like） ⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做 ⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫
unqualifying与unqualified(from manhattan)
unqualifying释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification没有达到一些合格的标准 unqualified释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation 没有任何限制
2、情态动词
（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。 Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.
Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics. （2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。
EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思。
3、词在句中的位置
（1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。
EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.
（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。
（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。 定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 4、搭配
句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。 （二） 简洁
§ 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言 之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。
§ GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ好于have difference in
Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE INVESTMENTS in new technologies.
Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies. 切忌冗余：
1、在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词
Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try; other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;
including-among； have to –require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to
2、注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语 法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
在OG中还不是很明显，prep中尤为明显 3、注意修饰时间的词
过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before 现在：now; currently; presently; at present; 每年的：annual; each year; a year
EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么 的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth
12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57 Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72
三、主语与谓语
每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。 （一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。 EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句
（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致
EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles) （三）容易引起 主语不明显的两个情况
1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分
EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad. 说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词 （四）and 和表示连接的词
1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。
2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including,）连接不 同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。
3. 一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾病（diabetes） 虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。 （五）either or, neither nor
1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数 EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 EG: Neither the children is going to school .
（六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
（七）非限制性的代词，一般用单数
Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, whatever, whoever
但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据内容确定单复数：some, any, none, all ,more/most, part EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.
None of可以使复数也可以是单数，但是not one of 一定是单数
（八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用单数，复数之后用复数 EG:
every dog and cat has paws.
They each are great tennis players. （九）量词
A number of +复数主语+复数谓语
The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语
Majority, minority, and plurality , fractions& percentages要考虑of结构后面是单数还是复数，从而决定谓语动词的单数还是复数。根据其修饰的主语决定其单复数 （十）短语或者从句：
从句：以who, why, how, whether或that引导主语从句，谓语动词用单数
例：Why she did this is not known. 而what引导的从句，要看what后面名词的状况来确定。且整个句子的主语，也需what从句中所涉及对象的数量，来帮助确认。
(What is difficult to understand is A. What are difficult to understand are A,B, and C.)
Having good friends IS a wonderful thing. Whatever they want to do is fine with me.
注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数
定语从句内结构最好不用倒装
OG 68： sth that be?,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达 习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。 （十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看 EG:
1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop. Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes.
Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended. Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.
总结：当不确定是单数还是复数的时候 选单数，几率高
11. Just around the corner
were a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.
12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41 Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65
四、平行结构
（一）平行结构的标志词
And, but ,both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to
（二）平行元素
1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉 2.平行结构开始于同一个词
（三）AND：最重要，GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相对独立句中的and前加逗号。如果 and 链接两个句子，可选择是否添加逗号； （四）一些常见的并列习语
A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make
X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y （五）系动词两边的成分要并列
Be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. 逻辑不合理
Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.
12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77, 81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46
五、代词
代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到代词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。 （一）先行词必须存在
注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词 的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。 N of n结构，有时可以
EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词。 避免歧义就只能重复名词park
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
Them 不能指代所有格的executives'
Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives- in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.
Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded 重复先行词是最好的选择。
（二）先行词和代词同时有意义
将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通
EG: Although the term“super” may sound wonderful, it is simply an machine that can produce many products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为super怎么能是机器呢？
（三）代词的指代必须清晰
每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。句子应该被重写
Wrong : Researchers claim to have developed new \cellulose fibers, which
THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.
定语从句中不能再出现被指带对象
Right: Researchers claim to have developed new \tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strength of cast iron.
（四）代词和先行词的 单复数必须一致
GMAT 很可能会 掩盖 名词的单复数， 需要你去识别 其真正的 单复数 （五）格
1.代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who 2.代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3.所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their, theirs, whose
重要：
1. 代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。特别是在平行结构中 EG:
Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing
heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it. 这样的指代不会有歧义
2. 一般所有格代词只能指代所有格名词，不能指代主格和宾格。 EG:
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人. Whose 既可以指认，也可以指物
（六）几个要点
1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做 代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。(this, those, that and these are never used as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)
EG：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,
2.that或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,避免重复；就相当于新添加了个描述项对于指代对象；
EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.
3.It ， they 是完全指代，必须跟前面的是同一个东西
The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.
4.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。 EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company不一致，应 将those替换为companies.
outperform [,autp?'f?:m] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmlvt. 胜过；做得比……好 类比OG 的 civilization那道题
EG: The players' helmets need to be repainted before (they) are used in Sunday's game.
CORRECT
helmet ['helmit] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 钢盔，头盔
Helmets is the antecedent of they. You need not worry that they could refer to players',
because (1)helmets is closer to they, and (2) player! is a possessive noun, and is therefore not a good antecedent for a pronoun in the subjective case.
We finally chose the coffee table towards the back of the store, because we thought that this table
would complement our living room furniture.
这里如果用it指代table 是有歧义的，因为store的存在 ；所以尽量重复被指代名词
错误：A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that they borrowed some of his most memorable lines from Christopher Marlowe.
应该重复前面的名词Shakespeare
正确：A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that they borrowed some of Shakespeare most memorable lines from Christopher Marlowe.
memorable ['mem?r?bl] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmladj. 显著的，难忘的；值得纪念的
She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought she could use these to get some work done.
用 she 当主语，是对的，不是必须出现他的先行词 ； these 必须改成them ，these 不能裸奔 ；them 指代her laptop and her books
12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42 Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67 OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64
六、修饰语
（一）形容词和副词
1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。 系动词后面跟形容词，不是修饰动词的，而是识别主语的一个状态 2. GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：
形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词
副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词
EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能 不是MAX的ancestor.
Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M 的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词 了。
常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.
（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语 前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰 EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap. 1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。 EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错 To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对 wood [wud] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 木材；木制品；树林
2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象
?
Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion. n. 骚动；暴乱
3.避免一系列的修饰语 修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错 而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的 另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见 注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。
EG: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians,
另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,特别注意抽象名词 EG:
Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented
millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰结构，由于 靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.
Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago has developed into a true art form only in the past century. （三）名词修饰与从句
Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人）， who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一 般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语
That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的
Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance, arrangement，用in which修饰更好。
When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in which代替； in which更好
限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that：有必要的名词修饰语 ：需要这个修饰才能识别作者的意图的修饰语
非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which：没必要的名词修饰语：不用这个 修饰也能 看出作者的意图
在有the +n 的情况下，句子一般是不完整的，需要用限定性定语修饰
用that 而不用which 只是因为 which （在没有介词的情况下）必须引导非限定性定从，这样就改变了 作者的逻辑，使得 含义不完整；
Non-essential非限定性 : This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED， is
owned by the tees;
Essential限定性 : The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees
Non-essential: This mansion，FOR WHICH I YEARN， is owned by the Lees.
YEARN 渴望，向往
Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the lees.
The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepa J. and Tiber.. That应该改为which引导非限定定从；因为有Mount Everest 已经明确了是哪座山
只要记住，逗号的使用是对于那些没有必要的修饰语； （四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构
从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点： 1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子
2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。 （五）which 和现在分词
1.Which 只能修饰在他之前的名词，which不能修饰一个句子 N ,同位语，which 没有歧义 修饰n 2.ing 形式做修饰语
（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词
（2）前面主谓宾+逗号， ing 做伴随状语 修饰主语和 动词 Ing 放句首作修饰主语，和放句尾做伴随；
（3）可以修饰一个句子（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），这种 形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values. （4）ing 形式在主系表结构之后，表示对前句的补充说明，逻辑主语是主句主语 EG:
经典错误：The patient's rare disease was treated using novel techniques developed at the medical school.
没有合适的逻辑主语
Correction: The patient's rare disease was treated through the use of novel techniques developed at the medical school.
转变为through 避免了逻辑主语问题
OR The doctor treated the patient's rare disease by using novel techniques developed at the medical school. 添加合适的逻辑主语
12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44 Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91 OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84 七、动词的时态、语气和主被动 （零）时态、感情、语气
1. 一般定义用一般现在时。不要使用现在进行时 2. 不能用现在进行时表示将来。
3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify。 EG:
Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth. Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth. （一）现在完成时态
1.现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对现在有所影 响。现在完成时的标志词：
since+过去一个时间点since 1986； for/within/over/during/in+时间段(the past five
minutes , the last ten days,)
EG:
Right: This country HAS ENFORCED strict immigration laws for thirty years. Right: They HAVE KNOWN each other since 1987. 2.而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。
Right: We HAVE LIVED in a hut for three days. Right: We LIVED in a hut for three days.
表示词：likelihood / possibility+ that, over+时间点
To summarize, the Present Perfect indicates either 'continued action or continued effect of a completed action.
如果想表达一个特殊的，被完成的时间段，用一般过去时，不用现在完成时； Wrong: Veronica HAS TRAVELED all over the world in 2007.
Right: Veronica TRAVELED all over the world in 2007
现在完成时比（一般过去或过去完成时）更好的与一般现在时结合
（二）过去完成时
1.两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时用一个过去式说明一个动词，要 将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态（will---would） EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful. The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful. 错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful. The man believed that the machine will be wonderful.
2.如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but，after等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。
EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream. Laura LOCKED the dead bolt( n. 螺栓)before she LEFT for work.
3. Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一个分句中 用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。
EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
Wrong: Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKED the earth. Right: Joe LEARNE D about an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKED the earth. 不要使用完成时，当一个简单的时态可以 用的时候，因为GMAT喜欢简单的
尽管我们都知道learned在 walked之后，但是后者对前者没有直接的影响；这个事件的顺序不需要去被澄清
如果一个动作开始在过去并且先于另一个动作，并且你需要去强调或者澄清这个顺序，那么使用过去完成时；
如果一个动作开始在过去，并且持续到现在或者对现在还有影响，那么选择 现在完成时 否则，坚持选择简单的那个选项
（二）虚拟语气
虚拟语气常见的两种形式：
1. 看起来不可能或者不真实的条件，用if, as if, as though引导 2. proposal, desire, request等表“建议”、“命令”的词用that引导 3. 虚拟语气中，be一般用were.
EG: if I were a rich man假设性的虚拟语气是跟不真实，不太可能的条件相关，而不是跟过去时态相关
If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉) 107页 1.表示确定: If present, then present
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
2.表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may If she eats pizza, (then) she may /can become ill.
3.确定-用于将来时态：'if X happens/has happened, Y will happen' If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
Present Perfect:
JfSophie HAS EATEN pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.
4.' 用于将来时态：if X were to happen, Y would happen'
仍然是表达一种unreal或揣测的事情，仍表将来怎样(只是不确定会不会发生) If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would/could become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
5.从未发生-过去式： If + past perfect , would/could + have + verb
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would/could have become ill. (使用虚拟语气)
Should 和would 不能进入if从句中 ，整个结构中也不能出现should
命令性的虚拟语气 1.一般形式： 主语+命令性词汇+that+从句主语+动词原形+…要格外小心， GMAT会在前面放单数名词让你选 单数的动词，这里要用原型！ Be , do
2.常见的命令性词汇,只能接that的：demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request,
stipulate, suggest
3.另外有些词汇，只能用to do的：advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want
4.有些词汇表示命令即可以接that，又可以to do：ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the
company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.
5.具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
6.形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气，也可用不定式：如essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital 7.例外：prohibit
常见用法：prohibit sth；prohibit from doing；prohibit sb from doing 但prohibit不能接不定式
8. whether 后面避免使用虚拟语气 ，be ，因为太陈旧了
Wrong: I like ice cream, WHETHER it be chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor. Right: I like ice cream, WHETHER it is chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.
vanilla [v?'nil?] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 香子兰，香草adj. 香草味的
（三）被动语态与主动语态
1.不要使用除了be 动词意外的动词来构成被动语态；such get
Wrong: The pizza GOTEATEN by the hungry students. Wrong: The pizza must GETEATEN today.
1.by后面一般跟动作的执行者； through 和because of 后面跟一些设备或者方法
a quirk of fate命运的捉弄
THROUGH a quirk of fate, the pizza WAS accidentally EATEN.
2.GMAT规则，主动优于被动； 因为被动啰嗦；选项中的被动很罗嗦，或者有歧义；或者 发出者很难确定； 避免这这些特征的选项
Passive: It HAS BEEN DECIDED by Jason that he will not attend college. Active: Jason HAS DECIDED not to attend college.
3.完成时态可用不及物动词，但被动语态不可以用不及物 动词
Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century. Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20th century.
? alien n. 外国人，外侨；外星人
4 在保证平行的情况下，有时会用到被动语态 习题：做错了的
She had already woken up when the phone rang.
因为我们想表达一个人的睡眠 去持续到某个过去的时间点（the phone rang）我们必须使用过去完成时 Last Monday Mary realized that she would have to spend all of that night rewriting her application because she had not backed up her files.
By the end of the Apollo program, twelve Americans had walked on the moon.
End of the Apollo program 就相当于一个特殊的日期，在过去。 12th Edition: 3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87
八、GMAT 中常见的比较 （一）常见的比较词汇
Like, unlike, more than, less than, faster than, different from, in contrast with/to, as, as(adj.) as , as much as, as fast as, the same as like vs as
Like 是一个介词，因此like后面只能跟名词， 代词或者名词短语 不能跟句子或者介词短语 LIKE her brother. AY. Raced the test 这里like +名词短语 LIKE swimming, skiing is great exercise 特殊情况 like+ing分词 正确形式
Right: Frank's build,LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother， is broad and muscular Right: Frank, LIKE his brother,has a broad and muscular build
I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds 错误，结构不平行 As 既是介词，又是连词，后面可以跟句子,也可以跟介词短语表比较。 表示列举的时候，只能用as,不能用like 如果比较对象是两个名词，最好用like （二）比较的两点重要规则 1、比较的对象有具有可比性 2、比较要从结构上保持平行 （三）比较重要考点 1、对主谓宾全的句型
(1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do 是为了显示这是一个可以发出动 作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
(2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面 错:The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.,不是介宾比较 对The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. rack [r?k] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 齿条；行李架；拷问台 (3)宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
从逻辑上考虑 ，如果C2 不能发出do 这个动作，此时没歧义，C2一定是宾语比较 (4)状语比较A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(直接加状语）
2、一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而 不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下： I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat faster than you do（啰嗦） 但是不要排除一个选项，只是因为他补出了助动词
3、AS 族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等 形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(类似于介宾比较） Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较）
Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较） 4、特殊句型
AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.
They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school. 5、There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player(宾语比较) There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(介宾 比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较) 6、比较结构的省略 （1）所有格省略
前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略。
P.S. 所有格或者所有物单复数都可以，只有逻辑意思合理就行。
EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}. （2）比较从句可以省略宾语、谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。 EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}. I walk faster than Brian [walks}. I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.
（3）为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。 EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)
Vishal eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts. 啰嗦
此时用逻辑判断出donuts不能eat carrots 所以，确定donuts是宾语，此时没有歧义 Ambiguous: I cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.} Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese) Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette) （四）比较级与最高级OG 43
1、以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +副词，不要改成er形式
EG: Adam runs more quickly than Jones.（没有宾语，所以Jones后面省略does） Wrong: Adrian runs QUICKLY .He runs QUICKER than Jacob.
2、比较级中一定要有一个than，不要单独的使用形容词的比较级，除非有than 一个重要例子：A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah. 错
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. (宾语的奔跑速度比较) A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. (同一主语抓捕速度比较)
A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. (主语抓速度比较，补出情态动词can) 习题；1.Juggling is a favorite pastime for me, like for/like you.
应该用as for you ; 直接用like you 会有歧义，不知道是表达juggling是很好的娱乐对你；还是你是很好的娱乐对我
2.A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive as a cheetah.
Correction: A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive as a cheetah's. OR A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive as that of a cheetah 3.Although the towers appear identical, the west tower is the tallest, standing 16 feet taller than the
east tower.
Correction: Although the towers appear identical, the west tower stands 16 feet taller than the east tower 4. Courtney's experiences at Haleford, a large research university with renowned professors, affluent students, and imposing buildings, were unlike her high school on the reservation.
Correction; Courtney's experiences at Haleford, a large research university with renowned
professors, affluent students, and imposing buildings, were unlike her experiences in high school on the reservation.
12th Edition: 9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 100, D35, D37 九、其他一些语法 （零）习语&固定搭配 1. Act
The bay ACTED AS a funnel for the tide. (= functioned as)
My friend ACTED LIKE a fool. (= behaved in a similar manner) 2. Aggravate
His behavior AGGRAVATED the problem. 3. Agree
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream 10
The electrons are particles THE physicists AGREE EXIST. 4. Aid
She AIDS her neighbor.
She provides AID TO victims. AID FOR victims is available. Her AID IN WALKING the dog is appreciated. 5. Aim
We adopted new procedures AIMED AT REDUCING theft.
We adopted new procedures WITH THE AIM OF REDUCING theft. 6. Allow
The demolition of the old building ALLOWS FOR new construction. (=permits the existences) 7. Anxiety
His ANXIETY ABOUT his company's future is ill-founded.
His ANXIETY THAT his company MAY BE SOLD OUT is ill-founded. 8. Appear
Imperfections APPEAR AS tiny cracks. (= show up as) He APPEARS CONFUSED. (= seems)
The dinosaurs APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN relatively smart. IT APPEARS THAT the dinosaurs WERE smart. 9. As…as
We have THREE TIMES AS MANY pears AS you.
His knowledge springs AS MUCH from experience AS from schooling.
His knowledge springs NOT SO MUCH from experience AS from schooling. 10. As long as
I will leave, AS LONG AS it IS safe. I will leave, SO LONG AS it IS safe.
I will leave, PROVIDED THAT it IS safe. 11. (Just) As…, so…(部分倒装)
JUST AS you practice, SO shall you play. (= in the same way or manner) 12. Being
BEING infected does not make you sick.
The judges saw the horses BEING led to the stables. 13. Border
WITHIN the BORDERS of a country,对 In the border/ Inside the border都错 14. Chance
I have ONE CHANCE IN A THOUSAND OF WINNING tonight. 15. Compared/comparison
GMAT中对COMPARED TO (强调相似) and COMPARED WITH (强调区别)的用法不加区分. 16. Confidence
We have CONFIDENCE THAT the marker WILL RECOVER.
不太好： We have CONFIDENCE IN the market's ABILITY TO RECOVER. 17. Contend
They CONTEND THAT they can decipher the code. 18. Continue
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream 11
The danger will CONTINUE TO GROW.
不太好：The danger will CONTINUE GROWING. (correct but apparently not used)
19. Credit
Hugo CREDITS Sally WITH good taste. Sally IS CREDITED WITH good taste. 20. Date
They DATED the artifact AT three centuries old. The artifact WAS DATED AT three centuries old. 21. Declare
Declare sth/ declare that 不太好：declare to be 22. Design
This window IS DESIGNED TO OPEN. 23. Develop into 24. Disinclined
She is DISINCLINED TO CALL her parents. 25. Enough
The book was SHORT ENOUGH (FOR ME) TO READ in a night. 26. Expend
EXPEND money/energy ON… 27. Fault
The criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law. 28. Help
His HELP IN RAKING the leaves has been welcome. 29. Hold
He HOLDS THAT jaywalking is illegal.
不太好：The law holds jaywalking to be illegal. 30. Intend
I went with the INTENT (or INTENTION) OF LEAVING soon. I went with the INTENT TO LEAVE soon. 31. Isolate
The culture was ISOLATED FROM outside CONTACT. 32. Know
We KNOW her TO BE brilliant. She is KNOWN TO BE brilliant.（特征） We KNOW him AS \（身份） 33. Likely
My friend is MORE LIKELY THAN my enemy [is] TO EAT worms. My friend is TWICE AS LIKELY AS my enemy [is] TO EAT worms. MORE THAN LIKELY, my friend WILL EAT worms. 34. Loose
I have suffered a LOSS OF strength. (= decline of a quality)
They have suffered a LOSS IN the euro. (=decline of an investment) 35. Means
Means of doing
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream 12
Means to do/to sth 36. Order
The state ORDERS the agency TO COLLECT taxes. Order sth 点菜 37. Owe
He OWES money TO the government FOR back taxes. 38. Privilege
The academy gave senior cadets DANCING PRIVILEGES.
不太好：The academy gave senior cadets THE PRIVILEGE OF DANCING. 39. Rate
The RATES FOR bus tickets are good for commuters. (= prices) The RATE OF theft has fallen. (= frequency or speed) 40. Rebel
The colonists REBELLED AGAINST tyranny. 41. Recognize Recognize as/to be 42. Reluctant Be reluctant to do 43. Resemble
A neighbor of mine RESEMBLES my father. 44. Restriction Restriction ON sth 45. Same
The car looks THE SAME TO me AS TO you. 46. So…as to
The sauce was SO hot AS TO burn my mouth. 纠结的搭配，10th OG中曾出现在正确项中，但是到了12thOG则说是错误搭配却又没给解释 为什么错。Manhattan以及n多砖家认为此搭配没问题可以用。So,遇到它提高警惕。 47. So too
Bellbottoms ARE coming back in style, and SO TOO ARE vests. 48. Targeted
This intervention is TARGETED AT a specific misbehavior. 49. Think
She THINKS OF them AS heroes.
She IS THOUGHT TO BE secretly wealthy. 50. Tool
We have a TOOL FOR MAKING progress. We have a TOOL TO MAKE progress.
Note: The GMAT does not seem to require WITH, although one makes progress WITH a tool. 51. Weigh
My laptop WEIGHS LESS THAN a suitcase.
第十章：ODDS & ENDS
（一）连词
1、一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if结尾；逗号不 足以连接两个完整句子。
2、and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同成分或者 句子，注意and连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。 看到“，and”的句子特别注意表示两种可能
1一个系列（apples, grapes, and pears）○。
2两个主句（I like apples, and she likes grapes）○。
3、一次只能用一个连词，如since/because, so不能同时用， although, yet不能同时用。 4、并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since, when, if , unless, that, though, while 5.连词的使用要有意义；
Wrong: She is not interested in sports, AND she likes watching them on TV. Right: She is not interested in sports, BUT she likes watching them on TV.
（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号 1、逗号
(1)次要内容会用逗号隔开，但是主要内容和主句一脉相承。（插入语） (2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的and不用逗号。
EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.个人认为，不能判错，但是要瞬间失去好感
Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch. Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.
(3) 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈） 2、分号
(1)分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是分别相对完整的句子。（说是“相对”， 是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不通） EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.
(2)用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留。
Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared. Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.
(3)分号后经常跟一些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，是伪连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如
however, therefore, in addition, then. EG:
Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart. Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart. (4)分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。 EG:
Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears. Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears. 3、冒号
(1)冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加namely或者that is。 (2)冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。 (3)被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好。
EG: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and temperature.
(4)冒号后可以加入一个主句，用以解释冒号前的内容。
EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a
seemingly peaceful world, the country was content. 4、破折号
(1)破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。 (2)有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。
EG: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变7个人了) (3)破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被 解释内容之后。
EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants-by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year. (4)用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的。 5.破折号可以把同位语隔开
My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing.
（三）量词
1、可数的量词：few、number、numerous 2、不可数的量词：less、amount、great、least
3、既可跟可数名词复数 又可跟不可数名词单数的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是less只能不可数
4、留意单位词：如dollar, gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是修饰不可数 名词的 如money volume；
Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.
fewer than twenty dollar bills
5、the number of 修饰单数，a number of 修饰复数，The numbers of 一般都是错的 如果要做numbers 比较，一般用greater than, 而不是more than
6、increase和decrease表达同一事物的变化；Greater和less则是比较不同事物。
Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.
Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.
7、在使用这些词的时候，要避免意思重复： Decrease-fall; increase-rise A: Though canals have a severe decline in barge traffic over the past several
decades, yet with the rise in fuel costs, \become an important means of transporting goods within the country
Canals have experienced severe decline in barge traffic over the past several decades, yet with the rise in fuel costs, \transporting goods within the country：
B :Harvey Dash, the remarkable sprinter, HAS BROKEN world records IN TWO OLYMPIC EVENTS: the IOO-meter and200-meter runs.
13. Orinoco. com, a major Internet retailer, announced mixed results for the second quarter: the NUMBER of people shopping at Orinoco.com grew by THIRTY-FOUR PERCENT, but profit per customer fell sharply as consumers shifted to lower-margin items in response to uncertain economic conditions.
并列连词必须被逗号隔开，而从属连词as 可以在句中使用；
12th Edition: 4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 120, D38, D45
十、简洁和平行（高阶）
（一）简洁：一些具体的形式: V>adj>n
1、动词形式优于名词：即动词形式优于 名词+be/make 形式
EG: He conceived of money as a goal?优于? His conception of money was a goal. . His example influenced me. 优于? His example was an influence on me
2、that 从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report.
EG: The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange.
?? The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seems strange. 3、动词形式优于形容词形式
The artist influenced the movement.. ?? The artist was influential to the movement 例外的：(Suspect vs. are suspicious of ) 忠实原意
4、形容形式优于名词形式
juggle vi. 玩杂耍；欺骗；歪曲vt. 歪曲；欺骗n. 玩戏法；欺骗
She has the ability to juggle. ??She is able to juggle. 更好的是she can juggle She is capable of juggling. -- ?? She has the capability to juggle.
5、副词形式优于介词短语
Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.
Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLY
Wordy to a considerable extent to a significant degree
Better considerably significantly
注意：尽可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are 等替代
6、sth that is adj啰嗦；adj sth 简洁；如果主句也有be 那么避免使用从句加be ； Marcos is a professor who is admirable. Marcos is a admirable professor. 同位语也比从句加be简洁：
Wordy: Joan, WHO IS a FIREFIGHTER, works in Yosemite Park. Better: Joan, a FIREFIGHTER, works in Yosemite Park.
7、尽量少用it is…that 结构 （强调句结构）
Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play. Better: Children should play without fear.
上述的，都不是一定的规则，而是偏爱；明智的使用这些模式； 一定当心捷径，being or the fact that 不意味着就一定错： （二）简洁：不要弄的太短
GMAC会利用较短的表达造成“简洁”的错觉。
1、(1) 有时把带of的介词短语通过修饰词提前,转换成形容词短语。
A wall of stone=a stone wall。但是of是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of。
Memorial Day week/Memorial Day's week < the week OF Memorial Day
the honeybee population's density or the honeybee population density < the density OF the honeybee population
(2) 尤其介词不是of 时，更加有必要保留介词
Danube river access < access to the Danube river; Boston soldier < soldier from Boston Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees sales increase < increase in sales
2、在比较中，that of , those of 常常很重要 错误 ：The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. 正确： The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor 但有时候that又是多余的
错误：The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics. 正确： The filed I most enjoy are math and physics 3、在一些报道性的词语后面一定跟着that
Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show 有一个比较特殊的词就是say,之后不必跟that，就可以跟一个句子 （三）平行
1、名词有两种形式：
实体名词(时间、地点、人、事件)，
rock, continent, electron, politician, region, holiday, week
动作名词
(eruption, pollution, nomination, withdrawal, development, change, growth等)，
?
withdrawal n. 撤退，收回；提款；取消；退股
二者不能平行 2、动名词：
简单动名词，：Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency 简单的动名词表面上是 名词，实质是动词；划线部分整个扮演着动词的角色 复杂动名词（含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词，和of的介词短语）,
Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed
regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF（复杂动名词） .the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.(动作性名词) pardon n. 原谅；赦免；宽恕vt. 原谅；赦免；宽恕
简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行。且只有复杂动名词才能动作名词平行。 The accurate tracking-复杂动名词； tracking-简单动名词
3、如果一个动词有具体的名词形式，就不要用动名词，如extract就有名词extraction
In brief, there are three categories of nouns: (1) Concrete Nouns, 自己平行
(2) Action Nouns and Complex Gerunds, 平行
(3) Simple Gerunds. Do not mix these categories 自己平行
4: 主动词和主动词平行 5 不定式和不定式平行
6 形容词, 现在分词 和过去分词可以平行，作定语
A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND still fresh , is on display Only a few feet wide BUT spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.
习题：meaning
1. The yellow-toed macaque, which is native to Madagascar. is known as keeping cool by laying down in damp caves during the hottest part of the day.
.is native of Madagascar, is known to keep cool by lying down
2.Most employers agree that HOW a candidate dresses for a job interview and even HOW he positions himself in his seat leave a lasting impression.
平型结构， how 引导的名词性从句的并列 ，谓语动词leave
意思与句子简洁 12th Edition: 93, 98, 135 主谓一致 12th Edition: 95, 104, 129, 133, 140, D43 平行： 12th Edition: 90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 137, D48, D50, D51 十一、代词和修饰语（高阶） （一）代词 1、代词
（1）there：there 如果做代词代指某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方，经常会是介词短语in china 的形式出现，并且应该是一个名词，不是一个形容词
EG: Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed.
× Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns addressed. 这里是形容词性的名词
（2）itself, themselves, one another, each other: 一般表强调其指代的名词 After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. (解散Agreement)
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (解散Commission) Itself 和themselves 一般就是强调含义 The commission itself was wrong.
Wrong: The guests at the party interacted with THEMSElVES. Right: The guests客人 at the party interacted with ONE ANOTHER.
（3）such, other, another
以上三个代词一般在后面跟一个概括性的名词指代前面的名词。
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future. Agreement这里是一种类型的contract
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any OTHER contracts to debate in the future. 这里指的不是同一个contract
（4）one：指代具有非定义性，且只能指代单数
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.巧克力中一个 After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them.前面的巧克力 （5）do so 和 do it
Do so : 可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语
Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother does so. 指代eat dinner quickly（so可省略） Do it : it必须指代一个确切的名词
Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面的homework. Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it. 2、代词it 变换位置
（1）不定式做主语，通常用it作形式主语 futile adj. 无用的；无效的；没有出息的；琐细的；不重要 It is futile to resist temptation. TO RESIST temptation is futile. 后者语法上是正确的，但是GMAT认为是结构笨拙的 （2）that 从句做主语，通常用it作形式主语
It gave us encouragement that we scored at all. ??THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement. OG 57
It在别的情况下不能指代句子；
（3）不定式或that 从句做宾语，用it作形式宾语 She made it possible for us to attend the movie. 这个句子只有这一种语序，别的情况下都错； 想要改变语序只能吧attend变成名词attendance 并且将it去掉；
She made possible our attendance at the movie.
She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都对 但Gmat喜欢it当形式宾语
3、有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还可以避免直 接用之前的名词造成重复,在GMAT中经常会发现； OG75
After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang the meat from.
Right: New \nano-papers\THESE MATERIALS strength.
4、代词使用的一些细微差别 （1）单数代词指代单数名词
（2）性别代词要一致, He and his are masculine; she, her, and hers are feminine. It and its are neutral. They, them, and their can be any gender.
（3）重复的代词被认为指代的是同一个名词,句子中it/they始终指代同一个词 （4）代词一般指代离其最近的合理的先行词，但不能过于近了；
EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo； it 不能指代station house 大多数情况被指代词在代词之前
EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.
（5）代词出现的平行位置（主谓宾）相同，可视为相同指代 尤其是主语位置的指代具有很强的倾向性
Although the company has had increasing revenues for years because of ITS well-designed products and ITS excellent management team, in the current economic climate IT may finally experience sales declines
Note: 如果发现用以上代词指代的5原则竟然排除了所有5个选项，那么只能放松这5原则， 然后找找看其他的错误。
（二）修饰语
1、of 修饰短语: of 短语修饰其前面的名词,而代词则指代整个of介词短语的内容 （1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.
在GMAT中，that从句指代a way of dodging opponents， 单独指代其中的一个是没有意义的：其本质是下面这句：
Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts. 这样不会有人认为that只是指代 a way 或者 opponents 的一个了吧 （2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska an area roughly the size 指代80 percent of the surface of Greenland, 2、为避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置
Right: A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.
Awkward: A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has been hired. 主谓离得太远
3、插入语，在主语和谓语之间，插入一个成分对主语进行进一步说明
Our system of Presidential elections favors states.，such as Delaware.，that by population are over-represented in the Electoral College.
插入语吧 states 和 修饰语that 隔开，是可以接受的，因为插入语没有更合理的位置可以放置；
总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。例外的情况总是读起来很顺口；
4 当两个修饰语并列，其中的一个要紧邻被修饰对象
Right: In heraldry, the term \color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word.
5.所有格
(1)不要选择of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么of X,要么X’s (2)GMAT 在80%~90%情况下认为复数不能用所有格，如humans’
EG: ×: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and protection √: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial resistance and protection
大部分名词用of X 结构可以清晰替代所有格，少部分如sales,要用in ；所有格不等同于普通名词，不能简单修饰
不要去排除一个选项只是因为它使用复数所有格；如果时间不够的话，去猜那个没有复数所有格的；
6、当修饰一个集合名词的时候，有三种常见修饰
(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently discovered.
错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently discovered.
(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered. 错：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recently discovered.
(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.
错: This model explains all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH only recently discovered.
Any ,none, all, more/most, many, each, either, neither, half, one, 可以与some互换
7、从句与现在分词修饰
(1)从句和分词都可以修饰主语或者谓语，一般情况下可以通用，但遇到一些有明显时态变 化的句子，要根据具体情况而定。
① The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately culminating in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.
② The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately culminate in the Survival幸存 of just a few languages, according to some.（这种句式又叫独立词组） 第二句好一些，因为根据ultimately用将来时要好些。而第一句表明是现在时。
现在分词获取时态从他们主句那里：
Past: I SAW a man CLEANING the steps. (cleaning takes place in the past) Present: I SEE a man CLEANING the steps. (cleaning takes place in the present) Future: I WILL SEE a man CLEANING the steps .. (cleaning takes place in the future)
也就是说从句中有时态的变化不能换成分词结构,如果想表达主句和修饰语的时态变化，请用从句；
Wrong: I SEE the man CLEANING the steps yesterday. Right: I SEE the man WHO CLEANED the steps yesterday. 8.独立主格：
Right: His head held high.，Owen walked out of the store Right: Owen walked out of the store, his head held high. Right: Owen walked out of the store with his head held high.
His head held high，不是修饰owen 的，他是作为一个动词修饰语，作状语功能，，表示owen怎样走过商店的； 独立主格不要求逻辑主语； With的简单结构可以做定语
9；修饰前面整句话；用独立的词组（同位语） 或者ing 作结果状语，which绝对错
right: Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations
around the world, results that suggest the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of Years ago. Results ：指代high levels of iridium 或者 发现这个现象的整个动作
Right: Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations
around the world, SUGGESTING the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago. SUGGESTING 表明前面整句话带来的结果
Wrong: Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world,
which suggests the cataclysmic impact ofameteor millions of years ago.
习题：It would hardly be fair for the meatpacking industry to blame regulators for the harm that it has inflicted upon itself in the sub-prime meat sector.
? ?
重要：7. Kelp is a natural fertilizer that has become popular among growers of heirloom
tomatoes, who generally are willing to pay a premium for organic products.
premium n. 保险费，额外费用；奖金
That has ... heirloom tomatoes: (D) Relative clause. CORRECT. This clause modifies fertilizer.
Who generally ... organic products: (0) Relative clause. CORRECT. Perhaps surprisingly, this clause
correctly modifies growers, or more precisely the noun phrase growers of heirloom tomatoes. The prepositional phrase of heirloom tomatoes is a \ it cannot be moved away from growers, the noun that is defined by the prepositional phrase. Moreover, of heirloom tomatoes is short, and the relative pronoun who cannot refer to objects such as tomatoes. For all these reasons, we are allowed to position the relative clause a few words away from growers. No correction 心的体会：
N1 Of n2 的从属关系比较特殊，一般情况下是不会用 定从修饰n1 还是n2 的考点出现，因为n2是至关重要的修饰语， 用定从修饰n1 和n2 单独的一个都是没有意义的；
growers of heirloom tomatoes, who generally are 这里who是没有任何歧义的，因为who只能修饰人，而且heirloom tomatoes比较短，可以跳跃；
fossils of a sloth ,which is/are dated at 1990 这可以通过定从的单复数判断是修饰 a sloth 还是 fossils，不过做这种区分没有意义；如果是修饰a sloth 翻译 （1990年的那个树懒）的化石， 死了才能变成化石，你说1990 年的树懒是死了还是没死 ？；所以逻辑上肯定是修饰fossils的；而且非限定性定从 本来就是和主句关联不大的，如果真 这样考，需要通过逻辑判断修饰谁，再看数；which 也比较特殊； 如果是 fossil of a sloth, which is 我相信也不是错的，因为作者就想修饰的是fossil ,；
代词： 12th Edition: 101, 113, 124, 132 Verbal Review: 71, 72, 74, 85, 102, 107 OR 2nd Edition: 50,68, 70, 80, 98, 105 修饰语： 12th Edition: 102,103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 126, D49 Verbal Review: 96, 110, 111, 112 OR 2nd Edition: 88, 90, 92, 96, 100, 108, 109, 110, 111 十二、动词和比较（高阶） （一）助动词：be do have
1、若出现时态变化，则句子中助动词不能单独的使用 对I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.
错I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did. 对I have never seen an ant, but last year my father saw one. 此处就不能用has替代
aardvark ['ɑ:d,vɑ:k] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 土豚；非洲食蚁兽 2、当助动词想代替原文的一个动词（非主动词）的时候，形式必须一致 错Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are. 对Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
Note省略而成的do, are, have都只能代表主动时态，即使在前句中出现的是被动
Right: Some people do not eat soup. but others Do. (= do eat soup)
Right: Some people do not eat soup as others Do. (= do eat soup)
3、情态动词
（1）Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,这些词在使用过程中不能 随意相互替换。
有时候情态动词会与一些具有类似含义的动词发生重复，要避免。比如在有ensure等
强调必须、义务的句子，再用have to/must显得啰嗦。 Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken. Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.
（2）主观将来时Be to do 在GMAT中是错误的，用will, 或者should 替代 （3）if 引导的条件句中，不能用情态动词；也不要用情态动词的倒装结构
Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test, he will graduate. Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.
（二）动词
1、不定式：可以做名词，形容词或副词
Noun: I love TO SWIM. To swim is the object of the verb love. 主谓宾 ；
不是只有I LOVE BASKETBALL 这种才叫主谓宾
Adjective: The person TO MEET is here. To meet modifies the noun person. Adverb: Sue paused TO EAT lunch. To eat modifies the verb paused.
(1)不定式的使用要符合逻辑意思：
错: The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (avoid的主语变成building，表示 demolish 的目的，)
对:The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally. (it 指代building,最为 to keep 的宾语)
accidentally [,?ksi'dentli] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmladv. 意外地；偶然地
(2)不定式虽然可以做名词，但跟普通名词还是有差别，在前置短语里，最好别用不定式， 且不定式也不能被形容词修饰(但动名词可以)。 Awkward: TO ERR is human.
Right: IT is human TO ERR. Err vi. 犯错；做错；犯罪
（3） 不定式不能作为介词宾语，只有名词可以；不要去修饰一个不定式，像你修饰名词的一样
错误quick to run. 正确to run quickly
2、动名词
（1）经验：动名词做主语比不定式做主语更为常见，但不绝对！
（2）一个名词放于动名词之前，如果该名词是动名词的发起者，那么要用所有格 Wrong: Mike SWIMMING is the product of new coaching techniques.
?
Right :Mike’s swimming is the product of new coaching techniques.
coaching n. 辅导；教练技术
（3）尽量避免用动名词所有格， 用比如动词的名词形式要好一些，如her action>her acting 3、分词 Ing 形式：
Verb (Progressive Tense) She is FIXING the faucet. Noun (Gerund) FIXING the faucet is not fun.
Adjective (Present Participle) The person FIXING the faucet is tired.
Adverb (Present Participle) She crouched under the sink , FIXING the faucet.
? ?
crouched vi. 蹲伏，蜷伏；卑躬屈膝vt. 低头； 屈膝
sink vi. 下沉；消沉；渗透
? ?
?
Ed 分词
vt. 使下沉；挖掘；使低落 n. 水槽；洗涤槽；污水坑
Verb (Perfect Tense) She has BROKEN the lamp.
Adjective (Present Participle) The BROKEN lamp is on the stairs.
一个特殊的句型： Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night. Having的逻辑主语是she ing 和ed 合并了
4、根据语义，使用现在分词， 不定式和其他形式 分词表示结果：
Present Participle: A technique ALLEVIATING pain is growing popular. Relative Clause: A technique THAT ALLEVIATES pain is growing popular . technique 就是ALLEVIATING 的主语 不定式表目的
A technique TO ALLEVIATE pain is growing popular. Technique 不一定是TO ALLEVIATE 的主语
There is a book to read ;to read的主语不是book ,maybe someone
不定式一般表目的，不是出于某种目的去做某事，一般不用不定式 A plan conquering the world is in his files. 正在…是 A plan that will conquer the world is his files. 将要…是.. A plan to conquer the world is in his files. 目的是….
计划本身不会去征服世界，肯定是某个使用这个计划去征服世界； 这里 不定式更合逻辑
（三）like & as
1、like可以修饰名词和动词(I danced LIKE you last night.)，但like后只能跟名词或名词成分
(1) I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis. 此时有歧义！！！ = I want to coach divers WHO ARE LIKE Greg Louganis.
= I want to coach divers in the same way as Greg Louganis does.
(2) I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis. 注意逗号在like之前，此时没歧义 = LIKE Greg Louganis ，I want to coach divers. (he coaches divers; I want to do so.)
unlike 和like 用法一样：比较主语
Right: Most materials under a wide range of conditions resist the flow of electric current to some degree, UNLIKE superconductors ， which demonstrate zero electrical resistance.
,
2、as 可以作为连词和介词 （1）as 作为连词 A :通常的三种用法：
As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during) 当…时候 I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because) 因为
You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) 正如，像….一样 B: As 经常和just, so,或者 so too连用：
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today. 部分倒装 C: As 加介词短语 表比较：
Right: AS in the previous case， the judge took an early break.
（2）AS 作为介词，有三种用法
As your leader, I am in charge. 作为….
I think you as my friend. (= you are my ftiend) 是，似乎是
AS a child, I thought I could fly. 当我……的时候 要表比较只能用 as 加句子。 此时as是连词
（3）as…as 结构
第一个As 后面跟形容词或副词，第二个as 后面跟名词，短语，或者 一个句子
They are AS hungry AS you. They are AS hungry AS you are.
They are as hungry as they were last night.
（4）举例只能用As，不能用like；GMAT 规定的
（四）比较
1、Right: The man is FIVE TIMES AS OLD AS his grandson.
这个男人的年龄五倍于他的外孙 man's age = 5 x his grandson's age
Wrong: The man is FIVE TIMES OLDER THAN his grandson.
意思是男人的年龄六倍于他的外孙 the man is six times as old as his grandson、
numbers are \times greater than ... \other numbers GMAT中避免这种用法
只有两种固定用法：times as adj/adv as ； more adj/adv than， 要么增加adj+er +than
2、有时候用times, 不要as 或than, 表示直接修饰
The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.
The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.
Right: I am TEN years OLDER THAN you. 我的年龄= 你的年龄+10 Wrong: I am TEN years AS OLD AS you. 无意义
3、more, less 很灵活，可作名词，代词，形容词或副词
I own more than I should. 名词 (more = noun or pronoun)我拥有更多的东西比我应该拥有的； I own more shirts than I should. 形容词
I sleep more than I should. 副词 sleep不及物： 我睡得太多了比我应该睡得 但是在数量的比较上high ,low, higher, greater, lower 等只能用作形容词 ×I spend lower than I did last year. √I spend LESS than I did last year.
√My bills are lower than they were last year. 4、重点 ：主语more和less的位置，特别是在一个adj+ n的前面,容易引起歧义 因为more less词性很多
(1)We have even more efficient engines than before. 此句意思模糊,应改为： We have even more engines that are efficient than before. 发动机数量的比较 或者We have engines even more efficient than before. 有效性的比较 (2)一些表示比较词，exceed, surpass，前后比较对象也要对等。 Wrong: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds women
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence among women. Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence among women. Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among women.
没有必要做出that是否只是指代incidence的区别，此处that含义上肯定指代整个短语
The incidence of the disease ，单独指代incidence 是没有意义的
incidence ['insid?ns] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmln. 发生率；影响；入射；影响范围
(3)In addition to，
通常放在句首，添加另外的一个例子。 翻译为 除了….. IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable . (添加在主语) IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. ( 添加在宾语) 习题：
1.Helen would feel better if she was my daughter 错误 改为were 错了不止一次
2.If the supplier has signed a binding contract, he will deliver the goods. 正确 signs 也正确，指的是现在或者将来会签订； has signed 已经签订 这个事实 可能是真的
3 If Abraham Lincoln were born in Livonia, he cannot become the President of the United States.
Correction: If Abraham Lincoln had been born in Livonia, he could not have become the President of the United States.
4. Because epidemiological evidence suggests that some tomatoes are contaminated with bacteria, Rachel suggested that Patrick make a salad without tomatoes. 第一个 suggest 表明，，暗示 第二个 是建议 后面加动词原形
5 15. Louise wanted to buy something to eat ,so she stopped at the ATM to withdraw some cash. to buy something to eat 作为want的宾语 to withdraw修饰stopped ,表明目的
6. The athlete's wearing the Brand X logo is a famous Olympian; his swimming has led to a lucrative endorsement contract.
根据逻辑，athlete是奥林匹克选手，而不是wearing Olympian [?u'limpi?n] e:\\Documents and Settings\\Terry\\有道词典\\resultui\\strksrchresult.htmln. 奥运会
选手adj. 威严的；奥林匹克竞赛的；奥林匹斯山的
7. Of all the cities in Australia, Sydney is the largest and the most well-known; Melbourne, however,
can be equally as enjoyable to visit as its brasher, more frenetic rival.
equally as... as 在GMAT中永远错 as …as 本来就是平级比较 most well 应该是best
brasher 是自然存在的，直接用er ， freneticer 没有这个词，所以用more frenetic\\
brash [br??] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmladj. 无礼的，傲慢的；仓促的，性急的n. 骤雨；碎片；胃灼热
frenetic [fri'netik] e:\\有道词典\\5.0.33.3225\\resultui\\queryresult.htmladj. 狂热的；发狂的n. 疯子；狂人
8. There are about the equivalent number of gym members in the boxing class as in the aerobics class.
Correction: There are about as many gym members in the boxing class as in the aerobics class
比较的时候 as不能单独出现
9. The CEO earns twice higher than the average employee at this company.
twice higher than 错误，两个原因：
twice 不能修饰higher ，正确的搭配是twice as much as…
在数量的比较上higher 只能作为形容词，跟lower 一样； 不能修饰earns
As adj/adv as 同级比较 more +adj /adv than adj+er +than 动词时态、语态和主被动： 12th Edition: 122, 128, 139 Verbal Review: 80, 86, 95, 103 OR 2nd Edition: 76, 79, 81, 89, 99, 104 比较： 12th Edition: 108, 123, 125, 131, 136, 138,047,052 Verbal Review: 94, 98, 101, 105, 106 OR 2nd Edition: 87, 93, 97, 102, 103__
动词的时态变化 曼哈顿 294页 回顾 阶段 265 页 低阶 266高阶 矩阵在268