从《说文解字》“食”部字看中国古代饮食文化 - 图文

lIIilllIII11111IItITIIl?{Y1946753摘要汉字是传承和弘扬中华文化的重要载体,是中华民族的基本标识,也是中华文明的显著标志。它以其特殊的构造方式,向我们昭示着丰富的文化意蕴和文化资源。汉字形体的演进变化透视出了不同时期的饮食状况和与之相关的社会生活状况。比如现行汉字“乡",其繁体为“绑",小篆为举一甲骨文为鬻毒,.本来画的是两个相向跪坐的人围着食器吃饭,这里的两人是虚指,泛表众人。远古时代,人类群居生活,一个群居团体就是一个谋食集团,在这个集团内部,大家为获取足够的食物而努力。甲骨文、小篆字形正反映了这样的群体辛苦劳作之后共同分享所得食物的场景。进入农耕社会后,人们的生活水平大为提高,用于共同进食的字形也用来表示宴饷义,并逐渐通过字形简化或繁化而成为“飨”和“餐”。宴饷自然少不了饮酒,《说文》解释“飨"为“乡人饮酒也’’正反映了这种习俗。表进食义的字形引而申之也用来表示用酒食犒劳军队或用酒食祭祀祖先、祭祀神灵。参与宴饷的可能是高级贵族,于是就在共同进食的字形基础上变化出公卿的“卿’’,进而将“卿”两边的字形讹变为“邑’’再经演进变化出公卿管辖范围的行政区划字“绑”。饮食及其在长期发展过程中形成的饮食文化,是一定历史阶段文明水平与文化风貌的综合反映,它们渗透于社会中的多个领域,可谓中华民族传统文化中的精华。因此,研究饮食文化有利于进一步深入了解我国的传统文化。食部字是我国古代饮食文化信息的重要载体,从语义学、字形学、文献学、民俗学、文字学等角度对其分析论证,从而探求出我国古代饮食文化一系列特点:①饮食与礼制紧密结合,这是古代饮食文化最重要的特点。统治者借助于名目繁多的饮食体制,特别是礼仪化的宴饮活动,来协调不同阶层之间的政治和人伦关系,以达到维护正常的统治秩序的目的,从而使整个社会在和谐稳定中不断向前发展。这种状况在西周时期发展到顶峰。②在日常生活中,人们逐渐形成了一系列的饮食风俗,这些饮食风俗大多是约定俗成的,但与礼有密切的联系,俗中有礼,礼中有俗。这些饮食习俗主要表现在人们的饮食餐制、用餐方式、进食礼仪以及尊长敬老等多个方面。③饮食原料已有稳定的供应体系;饮食餐制由两餐制向三餐制过渡;主食开始多样化如各种各样的粥,做法不同的饼、各种各样的羹等等,肉食已不再是贫民百姓的奢侈品;烹饪方法多种多样,烹饪技艺也达到了很高的水平。关键词:说文解字;古代;饮食文化AbstractChineseheritageandpromotetheChinesecultureisanimportantcarrieroftheChinesenation’Sfundamentalidentity,isalsoasignificantsymbolofChinesecivilization.Withitsuniqueconstructionmethods,torevealtoUStherichculturalconnotationandculturalresources.ChangesinperspectivetheevolutionofChinesecharactersindifferentperiodsoffoodoutofthesituationandrelatedsociallivingconditions.Characterssuch勰thecurrent"Rural”,thetraditionalistown",Xiaozhuanfor“潜”,Jiaguwenis戳OracleWaSoriginallypaintedtwooppositepeoplewhokneltaroundeatingonameal,wherethetwowerevirtualmeansnlatallthePan-table.Ancienttimes,mankindlivedasolitarylife,asocialgroupisagroupseekingfood,inthisinternal,wehaveaccesstoadequatefoodfortheeffort.Oracle,Xiaozhu瓶shapeisareflectionofhardlaboraftersuchagrouptosharethefoodfromthescene.Intotheagriculturalsociety,people’Slivingstandardsgreatlyimproved,theglyphforcolnnlonconsumptionratesareusedtorepresentthemeaningoffeast,andgraduallythroughtheeJyphsimplificationorprosperityforthesakeofa”xiang'’and’’"Xiang"Ultimately,ratesofnaturaldrinkingfeast,“saidthetext'’interpretation"Xiang'’for”localpeople“111【also’'reflectsthepractice.Meaningoftheglyphtableeatingandstretchedtheleadthatisalsousedtorewardthemilitary谢mfoodandwineorwineandfoodofferingsto0111"ancestors,worshipthegods.Participationratesmaybehigllfeastnoble,SOonthebasisofcommonshapechangesineatingoutGongqingthe“Big-,andthenthe‘‘Big'’onbothsidesoftheglyphandcorrectto‘'Yi’’andthenbychangesintheevolutionoftheadministrativejurisdictionoftheGongqingDivisionoftheword“town'’.Dietanditslong-termdevelopmentprocessintheformationofthefoodcultureisacertainhistoricalstageofcivilizationandculture,acomprehensivereflectionofstyle,whichpermeatesmanyareasofsociety,Callbedescribed觞theessenceofChinesetraditionalculture.Therefore,thestudyfoodcultureisconducivetofurtherin-depthunderstandingofourtraditionalculture.Becausethe‘‘shi’’radicalisallimportantcarder,therefore,thepapercomprehensivelyanalyzesandexplainsitfromtheperspectivesofsemantics,Ⅱmorphology,bibliography,folkloreandphilologyinordertofurtherprobesintothefeatureofChineseancientdietculturebystudyingonbetweenthematerialformandideologicalforminverticalviewandancientregionalvariationsinhorizontalview.First,theclosecombinationofdietandcourtesyisthemostimportantfeatureofancientdietculture.Bymeansofplentyofdifferentdietsystem,especiallyfestivalfeastactivities,rulerscoOrdinatetherelationshipofpoliticsandtheManintheVariOUSclassesinordertoreachtheaimofmaintainingthenormaldominantorderandmakethewholesocietydevelopcontinuallyinharmonyandstability.ThisstatereachesitsgloriousageintheWesternZhouDynasty.Second,inourdailylife,peoplegraduallyformaseriesofdietcustoms,whichalelargelyencrustedwithtraditionandhaverelationwithmanners.Themainperformancesofthesedietcustomsarecateringsystem,dietarypattern,dinningcourtesiesandrespectionoftheoldmanandSOon.Third,dietarymaterialshavestablesupplysystem;cateringsystemproceedfromtwomealsadaytothreemealsaday;staplefoodisvariousinformssuch弱allkindsofporridge,pancakewithdifferentmethods,varioustypesofsoupandSOon;Meatisnolongeraluxuryforpoorpeople;thewaysOt二cookingisvarious;theskillofcookingreachesahi曲level.Keywords:‘‘ShuoWenJieZi”;ancienttimes;dietcultureIli目录摘要………………………………………………………………………………………IAbstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………II目录………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅳ第1章1.1引言……………………………………………………………………………l选取汉字来解析文化的依据……………………………………………………。l1.2古代饮食文化的研究现状…………………………………k…………………21.3古代饮食文化的研究意义…………………………………………………….31.3.1有助于对《说文》词汇系统的研究……………………………………31.3.2加深对汉字及中国传统文化的认识…………………………………。31.3.3有助于我们充分认识古代社会饮食文化特征…………………………41.4本文的研究对象和任务………………………………………………………。4从“食”部字看古代烹饪饮食文化…………………………………………6制作方式……………………………………………………………………….6第2章2.12.2食物种类……………………………………………………………………….92.2.1粥类…………-…………………………………………………………………………….1O羹类…………………………………………………………………………………112.2.22.2.3干食………………………………………………………………………………..112.2。4饼类………………………………………………………………………………………….122.2.5糖类………………………………………………………………………………..132.3健康与饮食…………………………...…………………………………………14第3章从“食"部字看古代的祭祀文化……………………………………………..163.1祭祀的名称…………………………………………………………………………………。163.2祭祀活动……………………………………………………………………….16第4章从“食’’部字看古代的饮食宴餐礼俗………………………………………….184.1饮食餐制………………………………………………………………………..18

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