英汉翻译课程讲义

第一课 形合与意合

【知 识 点】 形合与意合:词法翻译 翻译技巧——增词、省词和重复译法 【学习建议】 结合实例认真揣摩与体会汉英语言形合与意合的特点

所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。The American Heritage Dictionary给形合定义为:“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example , I shall despair if you don’t come.”英语造句主要采用形合法(Hypotaxis)。 所谓意合,指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary给意合定义为:“The arranging of clauses one? after the other without connectives showing the relation between them . Example:The rain fell;the? river flooded;the house washed away .”汉语造句主要采用意合法(Parataxis)。 一、英语的形合法

英语造句注重显性接应(overt cohesion),注重结构完整,注重以形显义。常综合运用关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段,把各种成分连接起来,构成长短句子,表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。英语句子的连接手段和形式(cohesive ties)不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分频繁。

1.When I tried to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.

为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而二者之间又有深浅之分。

The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色, 外圈红,内圈紫。 二、汉语的意合法

汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯(covert coherence),注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能、意义,注重以神统形。汉语的形合手段比英语少得多:没有英语所常用的那些关系代词,关系副词、连接代词和连接副词;介词数量少。

汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段。

1、 语序。汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复句,但分句含义却

有主有次。

1、语序。汉语的许多主从复句,虽然不用关联词,形式类似并列复句,但分句含义却有主有次。

1)(因为)她不老实,我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest , I can‘t trust her. 我不能信任她,因为她不老实。

I can‘t trust her because she is not honest 2)人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked.

3)说是说了,没有结果。(=我虽然说了,但是没有结果)。 I‘ve made proposals, but they proved futile. 4)打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。

If you get beyond your depth , you will suffer. 5)人到事中迷,就怕没人提。

When a man is lost in a labyrinth , what he needs badly is a hint. 6)抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。

Once the principal contradiction is grasped , all problems can be readily solved.

2、反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式词句整齐、匀称,往往不用关联词: 1)他不来,我不去。(=如果他不来,我就不去)。 If he doesn’t? come here, I’ll not go there. 2)种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。 As you sow , so will you reap. 3)不怕慢,只怕站。

It’s better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time. 4)吃苦在前,享乐在后。

Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 5)聪明一世,糊涂一时。

Smart as a rule , but this time a fool. 6)不知苦中苦,哪知甜中甜?

If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?

2、 紧缩句。这类意合句式是由复句紧缩而成的。这类句式简明紧凑,分句之间的语法

关系和逻辑联系往往是隐含的。

3、 3、紧缩句。这类意合句式是由复句紧缩而成的。这类句式简明紧凑,分句之间的语法

关系和逻辑联系往往是隐含的:

1)有饭大家吃。(=如果有饭的话,那就让大家吃吧)。

Let everybody share the food if there is any.

2)不到黄河心不死。

Until all is over , ambition never dies.

3)狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。

However sly a fox may be , it is no match for a good hunter.

4)狼披羊皮还是狼。

A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep‘s clothing. 5)问遍千家成行家。

Learn from numerous advisers , and you‘ll become a master.. 4、

4、四字格。四字格是汉语里广为运用的语言形式。

※ 英语注重形合,注重结构、形式,常常借助各种连接手段,因而比较严谨(preciseness);汉语注重意合,注重功能、意义,常常不用或少用连接手段,因而比较简洁(conciseness)。 4、四字格。四字格是汉语里广为运用的语言形式。

1)不进则退。

He who does not advance falls backward./Move forward , or you’ll fall behind. 2)酒醉智昏。

When wine is in , wit is out. 3)物极必反。

Once a certain limit is reached , a change in the opposite direction is inevitable. 4)玩火自焚。

Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.

英译技巧

一、增词译法

即在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分局或完整的句子。从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致,使译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面对等起来。

1.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.

在观看足球比赛之后,他有一个重要会议要去参加。(增加动词) 2.这个小男孩饭钱都洗手,然后用餐巾纸擦手。

This little boy always washes his hands before meals and they dry them with napkins.(增加物主代词、连接词和宾语)

3.It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she has a clear head.

只是晚上躺在床上的时候,她才感到十分清醒。(增加强调句式)

4. Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不认识,怎么能悔恨和改正呢?

(原文暗含了一个假设,因此需要增加“如果”一词来把这个意思补充出来。) 5. Steel and iron products are often coated less they should rust. 钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 6. 我不爱喝饮料。

I don’t like soft drinks.

(汉语 “饮料”不包扩含酒精的饮品,而英语drinks可分为hard drinks(含酒精的)和soft drinks(不含酒精的)两种,因此,译成英语要加上soft 一词意思才清楚。)

7. 人和动物不同。

Man is different from other animals.

(汉语“动物”一词在这里是狭义的,不包括“人”,而英语man则是animals 的一种,也就是animals里包括man, 因此翻译时必须增加other一词,表示和其他动物不同,否则不符合逻辑。

二、省词译法 即把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。这种译法一般是出于译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。

1.You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it.

不会制图或看不懂图纸,就不能造船、架桥或盖房子。 省略代词you和 it,冠词a, 连接词if和副词how 2.我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力。

We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 汉语重复的词“问题”英译时只用一个problems. 3.What is the shortest possible way to Penn Station? 去潘恩车站哪条道最近?

汉语“最近”已体现了possible 一词的含义,故可略去不译。 4.总理在出席音乐会之前,还有许多工作要做。

The premier had a lot of work to do before (attending) the concert.

5.在工作中,我们必须避免犯不必要的错误。

We must avoid making (unnecessary) mistakes in our work. 三、重复译法

1.Practially every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part. 事实上每条河都有上游、中游和下游。

2.All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms. 一切物体都有分子所组成,分子又是由原子所组成。 3.Whoever drives through the red light should be fined. 谁开车闯红灯谁就要被罚款。

4.这种人闹什么呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。

What are they after? They are after fame, after position, and they want to cut smart figures.

5.A large family has its difficulties. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。

英译汉练习

1.Translate the following into Chinese, paying special attention to the articles.

提示:英语经常使用冠词,英译汉时常可以省略冠词,但有时一个冠词之差,意思大不相同。 out of question 译

take the chair 译

take a chair 译

a hundred and one 译

one hundred and one 译

She was with a child 译

She was with child 译

They are students of our school 译

They are the students of our school 译

联系客服:779662525#qq.com(#替换为@)