教 学 程 序 教学的基本内容 (2) 时间安排教学方法 5 mins: Revision 20 mins: Group study 20 mins: Explanation Review the characteristics of cultures: Culture influences biological processes Culture is transmitted from generation to generation Culture is selected Culture is ethnocentric Cultures are interrelated wholes Culture is subject to change Culture is like an iceberg Culture is like an onion III. Understanding Cultural Patterns 1. Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations In Value Orientations (1961). in which they Identified five orientations, five categories of beliefs and behaviors that are universal. (1) Human Nature ? Human nature is evil but perfectible. ? Human nature is a mixture of good and evil. ? Human nature is good but corruptible. (2) Relationship to Nature ? Subjugation to nature. ? Harmony with nature. ? Mastery over nature (3) Sense of Time ? Past ? Present ? Future (4) Activity ? Being oriented is a non-developmental model of society ? Being-in-becoming is a kind of a spiritual good of inner harmony and peace. ? Doing-oriented refers to activity that leads to external accomplishment. (5) Social Relationships ? Hierarchy ? Group ? Individual 2. Hofstede-Bond’s Value Dimensions We’ll present the breakthrough quantitative and analytical work of Geert Hofstede and his initially four dimensional model of cultural values. His isolation of four cultural dimensions are: (1) Individualism vs. Collectivism ? Individualism (short-term, voluntary less intensive relationships)indicates the extent to which a society is a loosely knit social framework in which people are supposed to take care of only of themselves and their immediate families. ? Collectivism (long-term, involuntary more intensive relationships): emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence. Attitudes and Individualism behaviors Collectivism Self Each person is separate Each person is part of a from each other; group; children learn to children learn to think think in terms of “we” in terms of “I” Identity is based on the Identity is based on the individual social network Low-context High-context Identity Communication Social value Decision-making Group membership Speak your mind and Maintain harmony and avoid tell the truth confrontations Personal freedom is Equality is more important more important than personal freedom Follow universal rules; Fulfill obligations to The decision-making in-group members; process is important relationships are important The individual belongs The individual belongs to to many groups but his few groups but feels strongly attachment to them is attached to them relatively weak Group has relatively little influence on the Group greatly influence the behavior of group behavior of members members Conformity Behavior toward In-group and Out-group members Relatively little Relationships Big difference between difference in behavior with in-group and out-group toward in-group and group members members out-group members Competition Less intimate with Cooperate with members of in-groups and less in-groups but not with hostile to out-groups members of out-groups Cooperate with members of Occurs within groups as in-groups but not with well as between groups members of out-groups Value meeting new Formal and distant with people; meet them easily strangers Cooperation Strangers People depend on each other It is a pleasure to do as but should not burden Self-reliance much by yourself as in-group members possible unnecessarily Short-term, Typical Long-term, Voluntary, relationship Involuntary, Less intensive pattern More intensive relationship relationship (2) Power distance -- attitudes toward differences in authority. High- Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela. Low- Israel, Denmark, Austria. (3) Uncertainty avoidance -- a measure of how accepting a culture is of a lack of predictability. Strong-Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, Japan. Low-Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, USA, Finland, Netherlands. (4) Masculinity vs. Femininity ? Masculinity: comes from masculine and implies aggressiveness and assertiveness. (High-Japan, Austria, Switzerland, Mexico) ? Femininity: comes from feminine and stresses nurturing, caring attention to people’s feelings and needs. (High-Scandinavian countries, Chile, Portugal, Thailand) (5) Long-term vs. Short-term orientation Long-term orientation looks into the future; Short-term orientation stresses past and present. 3. Hall's high-and low-context orientation In high-context cultures most of the information is in the physical context or Is internalized in the people who are a pan of the interaction To summarize, there are four major differences in how high-context and low-context cultures that affect the settings. First, verbal messages are extremely important in low-context cultures. Second, low-context people who rely primarily on verbal messages for information are perceived as less attractive and less credible by people in high-context cultures. Third, people in high-context cultures are more adept at reading nonverbal behavior and the environment. Fourth, people in high-context cultures have an expectation that others are also able to understand the unarticulated communication; hence, they do not speak us much as people from low-context cultures. Ⅳ. Case Analysis ( An American English teacher living in Thailand was glad to see her former student, who had just returned from a year in the United States) ---Teacher: Oh, Mr. Sittipunt, welcome back. How was your trip to the United States? ---Mr. Sittipunt: Well, I’m glad to be home. In the United States, I saw old people trying to look young, and young people trying to look old. I found you Americans say “ yes” when we would sometimes say “ no.” People said, “ How are you?” and then they didn’t even wait for an answer --- they just continued on their way. I met unmarried couples living together, and married couples who were not living together. American women are just as aggressive as the men. I’m 10 mins: Explanation 20 mins: Group discussion really glad to be home. I just don’t understand your American way of life. I had heard about the American dream, but take my word for it – it’s no dream, it’s nightmare. Ⅴ. Business Communication Conversation A: Hello, thank you for calling Bradford and Sons. This is Tracy speaking, How may I help you? B: Hello. I would like to speak to your director of human resources, Ms. Jenkins, Please. A: Just a moment. I’ll check to see if she is at her desk. May I tell her who is calling? B: This is Bill Burton from Milford Insurance, I’m calling in regards to our meeting next Tuesday. A: Thank you, Mr. Burton. Can you please hold for a moment? I’ll check to see if she is available. B: No problem. A: I’m sorry. Ms. Jenkins is away from her desk. She has already left for lunch. Would you like to leave a message for her? B: Yes, please have her return my call when she returns to the office. It’s best if she can get in touch with me before 3 pm today, she can reach me at my office number, 635-8799. A: I’m sorry. I didn’t quite catch that, could you please repeat the number? B: No problem, my office number is 635-8799. Tell her to ask for extension 31. A: I’m sorry, Mr. Burton, just to confirm, your name is spelled B-U-R-T-O-N, is that correct? B: Yes, and I represent Milford Insurance. A: I will make sure Ms. Jenkins receives your message and returns your call before 3pm this afternoon. B: Thank you very much. Dialogue2 A: Hello, Pasadena Inn, this is Sandy, how may I direct your call? B: I’d like to speak to someone about reservations. A: I can help you with that. What date would you like to make a reservation for? B: We’ll be arriving May 12th, but I would like to make reservations for penthouse. A: Oh, I’m sorry Sir. I only handle bookings for our standard rooms. The person you need to speak with is Tony Parker, He makes all the arrangements for our executive accounts. Unfortunately, he’s not here right now. Can I take your name and number and have him get back to you? B: When do you expect him back in? A: He’ll be out all afternoon, he might not be able to return your call until tomorrow. Will that be alright? B: Yes. I suppose. My name is Sam Darcy. He can contact me at 660-843-3235. A: Could you please spell your last name for me? B: Sure. It’s D-A-R-C-Y. A: Okay. Mr. Darcy, and your phone number is 660-843-3233? B: That’s 3235. A: Sorry! 3235. Great. I’ll have Tony call you first thing tomorrow morning. Assignment: 1. Preview the next chapter. 15 mins: Role play 5 minus