The arrest of the flood-waters saved many homes.将洪水拦住后，许多家庭得救了。
The publisher‘s rejection of his manuscript depressed him. 由于出版商拒绝接受他的手稿，他的情绪一落千丈。
5. 把无生命主语转换成汉语的无主语句。
The heat makes me sweat like a pig。热得我大汗淋漓。 The noise made everybody upset. 闹得大家不得安宁。
This medicine will make you feel better.吃了药你会舒服些。
5. 翻译段落练习:
古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑？惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也，固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。
嗟乎！师道之不传也久矣，欲人之无惑也难矣。古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉；今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎？爱其子，择师而教之；于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读者，非吾所谓传其道、解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医、乐师、百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰―师‖曰―弟子‖云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰：彼与彼年相若也，道相似也， 位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。呜呼！师道之不复，可知矣。 巫医、乐师、百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤！
In ancient times those who wanted to learn would seek out a teacher, one who could propagate the doctrine1, impart professional knowledge, and resolve doubts. Since no one is born omniscient, who can claim to have no doubts? If one has doubts and is not willing to learn from a teacher, his doubts will never be resolved. Anyone who was born before me and learned the doctrine before me is my teacher. Anyone who was born after me and learned the doctrine before me is also my teacher. Since what I desire to learn is the doctrine, why should I care whether he was born before or after me? Therefore, it does not matter whether a person is high or low in position, young or old in age. Where there is the doctrine, there is my teacher.
Alas! The tradition of learning from the teacher has long been neglected. Thus it is difficult to find a person without any doubts at all. Ancient sages, who far surpassed us, even learned from their teachers. People today, who are far inferior to them, regard learning from the teacher as a disgrace. Thus, wise men become more wise and unlearned men become more foolish. This explains what makes a wise man and what makes a foolish man.
It is absurd that a person would choose a teacher for his son out of his love for him, and yet refuse to learn from the teacher himself, thinking it a disgrace to do so. The teacher of his son teaches the child only reading and punctuation, which is not propagating the doctrine or resolving doubts as the aforementioned. I don't think it wise to learn from the teacher when one doesn't know how to punctuate, but not when one has doubts unresolved, for that I find to be the folly of learning in small matters, but neglecting the big ones. Even medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen do not think it disgraceful to learn from each other. When one of the literati calls another man his \them why they are laughing, they will say that since he is almost of the same age and as erudite as another man, it would be degrading for him to call the other man \social rank is lower than his; and it would be flattering if the other man's social rank is higher. Alas! It is clear that the tradition of learning from the teacher can no longer be restored. Medicine men, musicians and handicraftsmen are despised by the gentlemen. How strange it is that gentlemen are less wise than these people!
第十五讲 Metaphor的翻译
一、教学目的：了解和掌握修辞的翻译方法。
二、教学过程：
Metaphor 这里指广义上的修辞figurative speech. 也就是，不仅指它的本义denotation，也指它的转义connotation. 如以下例句：
The girl murmured her thanks. 她轻声道了声谢。
It is a long story with many ands. 这故事说来话长，包括许多细节。 They cap when they pass the dean. 他们路遇系主任时，脱帽以示敬意。 A narrow trail snakes between the trees. 一条窄径在林中蜿蜒向前。 He pocketed all the profits. 他侵吞了所有的利润。
Shanghai mirrors the development and character of China.上海反映了中国的发展和现状。 When a surviving ship‘s officer was later asked whether ―women and children first‖ was the captain‘s rule or the rule of the sea, he replied that it was the rule of human nature. 后来有人问一幸存的该船官员：“妇女与儿童优先”是船长的规定还是航海的规矩。他答道，这是人性的准则。Parallelism
There are teachers and teachers. = There are good teachers and bad teachers. 误译：世上有许许多多的老师 / 正确：世上有好老师也有坏老师。 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。
This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year around. 人言鼎沸：
Many people talk together and the noise they make is like the bubbling of water boiling in a cauldron.( 大锅炉)
面有菜色：Hungry-looking; look famished. 面黄肌瘦
Trigger 一词。本义是：扣动扳机。但是其转义“发动；引起；促使”可以被用得非常生动形象。
The investigation was triggered several months ago.调查是几个月前开始的。 The tragic chain of events was triggered off.引起了一连串悲惨事件。
In classroom discussion Mary is always quick on the trigger.课堂讨论时，玛丽总是反应很快。 Certain foods trigger the desire to eat more, while others tend to suppress that desire. 有些食物能激起你的食欲，而有些却让你胃口难开。 Metaphor 的翻译原则：
1. 保留原文里的形象， 即find an equivalent image.如：
There are seasons of the heart. There are seasons in our lives, just as there are seasons to all of nature. These seasons cannot be forced any more than one can force the coming of spring by pulling at tender blades of grass to make them grow. It took me a while to understand.
心有四季。 生活也有四季，就如自然界万物都有春夏秋冬一样。四季无法人为地加以改变， 就如同一个人无法用拔苗助长的方法令春天到来。 我经过好一阵子才懂得了这点。 The police who patrolled the big city slum area that summer were sitting on a volcano. 那年夏天，在城市大贫民区巡逻的警察如同坐在火山口上。
Savored the beauty of the Texas countryside/ taste success.
2. 实行翻译的“补偿原则”( compensation )/有时不一定得法。
The following week was family conference, something I dreaded. This was the day the dirty laundry got hung out to air in a private session between parent, child and counselor
下周将开家长会，这正是我害怕的。在这天家长，孩子和辅导员/管理员将开私下的碰头会，列数孩子做的坏事。
I don‘t see any point in airing all the dirty laundry of private disputes.我认为毫无必要把一些私人争端的丑事宣言出去。
The operation may not succeed; it‘s a gamble whether he lives or dies.
手术不一定成功，能否保住他的生命没有把握。/ 就像赌博一样，他是死是活还没有把握。 美国作家Jeff Rennicke 在A promise of spring(春之希望)一文中的开卷段：
Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a silver of bird song in the air. 译文：白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹，只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮，是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿的身影，在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。 再如Nose一词的活用：
The dog nosed the door open.狗用鼻子把门拱开。
The bulldozer nosed the rock off the road.推土机把石块从路上推开。
The little boat nosed carefully between rocks.小船在礁石间小心翼翼地穿行。 3. 翻译段落练习：
贯彻落实科学发展观，必须大力实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略和可持续发展战略，加快社会事业发展；着力解决与人民群众切身利益相关的突出问题，维护社会稳定，努力构建社会主义和谐社会。 加快科技改革和发展。今年要发布国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要。继续推进国家创新体系建设。加强基础研究、战略高技术研究和重要公益性技术研究。继续实施一批重大科技专项，加大关键技术攻关力度。加强重大科技基础设施和国家重点科研基地建设。深化科技体制改革，加快建立与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的科技管理体制、创新机制和现代院校制度。充分发挥企业在技术创新中的主体作用。加强产学结合，促进科技成果产业化。坚持社会科学和自然科学并重，进一步繁荣和发展哲学社会科学。
We must adopt a scientific outlook on development and implement the strategy of reinvigorating our country through science, education and trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development of social undertakings. We will strive to solve outstanding problems vital to the immediate interests of the people, safeguard social stability and build a harmonious socialist society.
We will accelerate reform and development of science and technology. We will promulgate a national program for medium- to long-term scientific and technological development this year. We will continue the work of establishing a national innovation system. We will strengthen basic research and research in strategic hi-tech fields and important technologies for non-profit application.
We will continue work on a set of major science and technology projects and devote more efforts to tackling problems in key technologies. We will move forward with the development of major science and technology infrastructure projects and key national bases for scientific research. We will deepen the reform of the science and technology system, and accelerate the establishment of a management system, an innovation mechanism and a modern system of research institutes that are compatible with our socialist market economy. Enterprises need to play a key role in technological innovation. We will strengthen cooperation among industries, universities and research institutes to promote application of scientific and technological advances in production. We will continue to attach equal importance to the social and natural sciences and further develop philosophy and the social science.
大力发展社会主义先进文化。加强思想道德建设，弘扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神，弘扬集体主义、社会主义思想。加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设和大学生思想政治教育。推动文化体制改革和机制创新，加快文化事业和文化产业发展。坚持一手抓繁荣、一手抓管理。发展文学艺术、新闻出版和广播影视业。加强互联网建设和管理。加快农村基层文化建设，提高广播电视“村村通”水平。深入开展群众性精神文明创建活动。坚持不懈地进行“扫黄”“打非”斗争。广泛开展全民健身运动。继续做好2008年北京奥运会和2010年上海世界博览会的筹办工作。
加强各类型、多层次人才队伍建设。特别是要培养、吸引、用好高层次和高技能人才，促进人才合理流动，加强人才市场法制建设。
We will energetically develop an advanced socialist culture. We will emphasize ideological and moral development and promote a patriotic national spirit, a reformist and innovative spirit of the times, and a collectivist and socialist ideology. We will intensify the ideological and moral education of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. We will promote reform of the cultural system and innovation in cultural mechanisms and accelerate the development of cultural undertakings and industries. We will continue to ensure that cultural undertakings flourish, while carefully managing them. We will develop literature, art, the press, publishing, radio, TV and film, and strengthen development and management of the internet. We will accelerate primary-level cultural development in rural areas and expand radio and TV coverage with the goal of reaching all villages. We will launch mass activities to cultivate spiritual civilization. We will fight unremittingly against pornographic and illegal publications. We will widely initiate fitness programs for the general public. We will continue working hard to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing and the world Expo 2010 in Shanghai.
We will intensify development of a skilled, diversified and multi-level workforce, focusing particularly on training, attracting and properly using high-level and highly skilled personnel. We will promote the rational flow of human resources and strengthen legislation concerning the human resources market.