4) To him, the birds sang. The squirrel chattered and the flowers bloomed. 鸟而向他歌唱，松鼠对他叽咕，花儿也为他开放。 5) He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator. 他既精于飞行，又善于导航。
为了强调，英语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以使读者留下深刻的印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复手段。
1. 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。
1) He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding. 他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。 2) Gentlemen may cry peace, peace-but there is no peace.
先生们尽管可以拿高寒和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。
3) He demanded total loyalty, not loyalty in the traditional sense, not positive loyalty, but total loyalty, not just to office or party, or concept, but loyalty first and foremost to Lyndon Johnson
他要求的是绝对忠诚，不是传统意义的忠诚，也不是一般的忠诚，而是绝对的忠诚，不只是对职务，政党或观念的忠诚，而是首先 对约翰逊的忠诚
4) Prominent among the most prominent upon the most
Prominent shelf were series of splendidly bound volumes Entitled \在哪个最显眼的书架上最显眼的几卷就是精装的名叫《史金那全集》的一套书。 5) \ out, come out, go in and never saying anything.\
―他们在那大热天里站着，一言不发，眼巴巴看我进去出来，出来进去‖
6) Blood must atone for blood 血债就用血来还。
此外，英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时，对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。
1) Eye for eye, tooth for tooth 以眼还眼，以牙还牙 2) Out of sight, out of mind 眼不见，心不念
2. 英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。 1) They would read and re-read the secret notes. 他们往往一遍又一遍地反复琢磨这些密件
2) \ ―我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱们最好即刻就分手吧。‖ 3) Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of
the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers.
季节的每一更迭，气候的每一转变，乃至一天中的每一小时，都给这些山峦的奇幻色彩和形态带来变化，远近的主妇都把这些看作是准确的晴雨表
英语原文中即使没有词的重复，翻译时为了使译文生动，有时候可以采用下列各种重复手段。 1. 运用两个四字词组
汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生动活泼，增强修辞效果，为了使译文符合忠实，通顺的标准，译者有时可酌情运用两个同义或近义的四字词组，这也可以说是一种重复。 1) But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞的满城风雨，人人皆知了。 2) The streets were overrun by Hitler's bullies.
那时希特勒的暴徒在街上横行霸道，无恶不作。 3) Target priorities were established there.
目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。
2. 运用词的重迭
词的重迭是汉语中常用的一种修辞手段。古代誓词中有很多这类例子，如：―青青河畔草，郁郁园中柳‖，―年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同‖，―寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚‖等等。在散文中也可经常见到词的重迭运用，如―清楚‖往往说成―清清楚楚‖。明白往往说成―明明白白‖。英译汉时，我们可适当采用词的重迭，特别是四字重迭词组，使译文生动活泼，通顺达意。
1) I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐
2) His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody. 他的那些孩子，也是穿的破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就像没有父母似的
3) Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him 欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的，零零落落，冷冷淡淡的掌声。
4) ith his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we were sore perplexed.
他老师磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好的惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。 3. 运用四字对偶词组
汉语中有不少四字对偶词组，在这个四字中前后两对字形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义，所以也是一种重复。英译汉时我们可酌情采用此类对偶四字词组，使译文显得生动活泼。 great contributions 丰功伟绩 gratitude 感恩戴德 ingratitude 忘恩负义 prosperity 繁荣昌盛 eternal glory to 永垂不朽 vivid 生动活泼 hesitate 彷徨犹豫 arrogance 骄傲自大 grotesque 奇形怪状
careless 粗心大意 in chaos 乌烟瘴气 street gossip 街谈巷议 rumors 流言蜚语
1) I was admittedly shy
我是以腼腆胆怯著称的
2) It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of New York were brilliant with Moving men.
这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。 3) Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.
不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心，这种顾虑不久就烟消云散了 4) If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful Period for the few. 多数人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。
5) He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay. 他坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一的，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。
第十二讲 定语从句的翻译
一、教学目的：了解和掌握在翻译中运用不同的方法来处理定语从句。 二、教学过程：
限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行项起限制作用，在意义上与先行项密切不可分。如被省去，主句的意思就含糊不清，甚至变得毫无意义。关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。 1. 定语词组
①I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided.我只有一盏指路明灯。
②the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住的柔丝，不得不就此断绝了。
翻译这类从句，常常是将关系词省去，在句未加―的‖字，放在被修饰项之前。当然，也可视其情况不用―的‖字，如①和②。这种译法用得普遍，尤其适用于译简短的定语从句。 2. 并列从句
1）省略英语的先行项
①The lungs are subjected to several diseases which are treatable by surgery.肺易受几种疾病的侵袭，但均可经手术治疗。
③As a result,a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip.结果就造成一阵闲话，暗中在公寓里流传，闲话一般都是如此的。 ④A will had been made which divide the small tax –eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them.遗嘱已立好，把这片快要给税吃光的薄产平分给四个孩子，但谁都对此不感兴趣。 2）重复英语的先行项
①At dinner I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly ,and a shy girl who seemed even younger than the other.席间，我发现自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一腼腆的女孩子中间；她看上去比其余
人都年轻。
②A writer——in fact every one of us in life——needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows …一个作家——实际上生活中的每个人——都需要慈母的力量，它是创造一切的源泉。
③Man possesses an expressive faculty that goes far beyond gestures, that allows and even compels him to express his thoughts, feelings, dreams, and intuitions.人类具有远远超过于手势的表达官能，这种官能不仅使人能够，而且使他要把思想、感情、幻梦、直觉表达出来。 这些先行项的重复，有时用的是代词如①②，有时用的是限定词如③。汉译时，需重复先行项的地方，就要重复。否则会影响意思的连贯和清楚。
我们一般采用分述法将带定语从句的英语复合句译成并列分词。分述法就将主句和从句分开翻译的方法。此方法除了将定语从句译为并列分句外，还译为状语从句。 3. 状语从句
让我们来看看下例该怎么译：
He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.
上例能译成―他坚持再建一座他不用的房子‖或―他坚持再建一座房，这房他不用‖吗？显然不能，因为这样的译文令读者莫名其妙。这两种译文是套用定语词组和并列分句形式而译的，然而错了。
正确的译文是：他虽自己不用，但仍坚持再建一座房。
此句之所以这样译，是因为它含有状语从句的意思。英语定语从句——尤其是非限制性定语从句——有时兼有状语从句的职能，可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果等等关系。
兹再举几例说明限制性定语从句所表示的状语意思：
①I think it will grow even on non-irrigated land where there is a forest belt.我想即使在没有灌溉的土地上，只要有一条树林带，它还是会生长的。（表条件）
②In a personal sense ,I think of my eldest daughter , whose birthday is today .就个人来讲，我想到我的大女儿，因为今天是她的生日。（表原因） 4. 独立句
①He paid that peculiar deference(尊重，顺从) to women which every member of the sex appreciates.他对女性殷勤令每个女人所赏识。
②What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors? 是什么希望，什么目标，什么理想使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信的战士呢？
翻译英语There be 句型和带定语从句的复合句时，常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句的主语同定语从句溶合在一起而译成独立句的方法。溶合法要求改变句子的构造形式。具体作法是，将原主句的的词或词组用作独立句的主语，再将定语从句用作谓语，这样便译成独立句，如①将He paid that peculiar deference to women 压缩译为―他对女性的殷勤‖而定语从句―which every member of the sex appreciates‖译为谓语―令每个女人所常识‖。 5. 复合宾语
①I also found on the ground near the tracks of the lamed groups of ants which were rulling grains of corn.我还看见骆驼的脚印边有许多的蚂蚁在拖玉米粒。
②He did not find any one in the house who particularly cared to see .他认为家里没有人特别想知道的。