(c). Chills without fever （c）寒战无热
It implies that the patient only has an
它提示了病人只有恶
aversion to cold but no heat sensation or fever,
寒没有热感或发热，这是
which is a sign of the deficiency and cold
虚寒证的征象。
syndrome.
(d) Fever without chills
（d）发热无战
This suggests that the patient with fever has
这提示了病人发热恶
a aversion to heat but not to cold, which pertains
热而不恶寒，属于里热证。
to interior heat syndrome. B. Asking about Perspiration
B.问汗
This is a procedure for the physician to differentiate the conditions of interior and
这是医生区分疾病表
exterior, heat and cold, deficiency and excess
里、寒热、虚实的一个步
of a disease. Asking about perspiration includes
骤。问汗包括出汗的部位、
the presence of sweating, the location of
时间和数量。
sweating, the time of sweating and the amount of sweating.
C. Asking about Diet and Appetite Asking diet and appetite may know the conditions of the spleen and stomach. It includes: thirst and drinking appetite and amount of food taste.
D. Asking about Defecation and Urination
C.问饮食
问饮食可以了解脾胃的状况，包括：渴、饮、胃口和饭量。 D.问二便
This is also a procedure in which the physician 这也是医生了解消化may learn whether the digestion and absorption 吸收和水液代谢是否正常as well as fluid metabolism are normal or not, 的一个程序，可以了解粪and also learn about frequency, time, amount, 便和尿液的次数、时间、quality, color, odor of defecation and urination 数量、质地、颜色、气味and accompanied syndromes. 和伴随症状。 E. Questioning about Pain
E.问痛
(a) Asking about nature of the pain helps tell （a）问疼痛的性质可以帮the cause and pathogenesis; 助了解病因和病机 (b) Asking about locality of the pain helps understand pathological changes of internal organ