QI, BLOOD AND BODY FLUID OF MUTUAL CAUSALITY
气、血、津液的相互关系
尽管气、血、津液的
Despite their differences in nature, form and
性状及其功能各不相同，
function, qi, blood and body fluid have something
但它们却有许多共同之
in common with each other. They are the basic
处。三者均为构成人体和
materials that constitute the human body and
维持人体生命活动的基本
maintain life activities; they all derive from
物质。它们均来自水谷精
cereal essence; they, physiologically, depend on
气。在生理上，它们相互
each other for existence and restrain and utilize
依存、相互制约、相互为
each other; they, pathologically, act upon each
用；在病理上，它们相互
other and have causality between them.
影响，互为因果。 Qi and blood are closely related. Qi is the 气血紧密相关。气为\血之帅，血为气之母。气of qi. As the commander of blood, for one thing, 为血帅，一方面因为气是qi is the motive power for blood formation, or 血液形成的原动力；另一rather, it produces blood. Blood is formed from 方面是由于气可生血。血mutritive qi and body fluid, both of which come 由营气和津液形成，后两from food and water. All these cannot be separated 者都源于水谷。而以上这from the functions of qi. Blood circulation 些都离不开气的作用。血depends on the propelling function of heart-qi. 液循行依赖气的推动功For another, qi controls blood and keep it 能，另一方面，气摄血，flowiing in the blood vessels without 维持血行于脉中不致外extravasation. This function of qi is performed 溢。气的此项功能由脾气by spleen-qi. When qi is deficient, it fails to 来执行。气虚不能摄血可control blood, thus leading to hemorrhage. Blood 导致出血。所谓“血为气is referred to as the mother of qi because, on the 之母”，是因为，一则，one hand, blood is a carrier of qi; and on the 血以载气；二则，血为气other, blood provides adequate nutrients for qi. 提供充足的营养。因此，Therefore, it is impossible for qi to exist 如无气之母－血，则气也without its\不可能存在。 The relationship between qi and body fluid is 气和津液的关系与气rather similar to that between qi and blood. This 和血的关系非常相似。这is shown in the following four aspects. First, qi 可以从以下四方面表明。produces body fluid. The formation, distribution 第一，气生津。津液的形and excretion of body fluid depend upon all the 成、分布和排泄依赖气的movements of qi and its warming, promoting and 运动和温煦、推动和固摄controlling functions. The existence of qi in the 功能。人体气的存在不仅body not only depends upon blood, but on body 依赖血，也依赖脾运化的fluid which is formed from food essence by the 水谷精微所形成的津液。functions of the stomach and spleen. So, whether 因此，津液的充足与否依body fluid is adequate or inadequate depends upon 赖脾胃之气的状态。第二，the conditions of spleen-qi and stomach-qi. 气推动津液的运行。气的
Second, qi promotes the transportation of body 运动是津液运行分布和汗fluid. The movements of qi are the motivity for 尿液排泄的原动力。因此，the transportation, and distribution of body 气虚或气的功能失常，就fluid, and the excretion of sweat and urine. 会发生津液运行、分布和Therefore, In case of deficiency of qi or 排泄的紊乱，使津液停滞。dysfunction of qi, disturbance of body fluid in 第三，气固摄津液。气可transportation, distribution and excretion will 以控制津液的排泄，维持occur. Thereby leading to the stagnation of body 体液代谢平衡。如气无法fluid. Third, qi controls body fluid. Qi may 控制津液的排泄，便会导control the excretion of body fluid and maintain 致津液的横溢。第四，津the balance of the metabolism of body fluid, In 液是气的载体。这就是津case qi fails to control the excretion of body 能载气。如果没有津液，fluid some of body fluid will run off. Fourth, 气就无法存在。这就是为body fluid is a carrier of qi.（Qi resides in body 什么伤津就会耗气。如气fluid, Body fluid serves as a carrier of qi） That 无法依托于津液，则气虚is, body fluid carries qi. Qi cannot exist without 甚则气陷就会随之发生。body fluid. This is the reason why the loss of body 这就是《千金翼方》所说fluid often damages qi. If qi fails to attach to 的：“汗吐之后无完气。”body fluid, qi-deficiency and even qi prostration 过汗、大汗、大泻使津液will ensue. So the medical book Prescriptions of 丢失从而导致气脱就是一the Golden Cabinet says:\个例子。 after hidrosis, vomiting etc.\Examples in point are:hidrosis, polyuria, enormous vomiting and diarrhea cause great loss of body fluid, which, in turn, gives rise to qi colapse.
Blood and body fluid are liquids and, what's 血和津液都是液体，more, they both perform the nourishing and 而且它们都有滋养功能。moistening functions. Body fluid will become and 津液进入脉中就会成为血important component of blood when infiltrating 液的重要组成部分。因为into the blood vessels. As blood and body fluid 血和津液都源于水谷津originate from the essence of food and water, they 液，因此被称为“津血同are known as \body fluid and blood are derived 源”。周期或严重出血会from a common source.\Recurrent or severe 损伤津液导致口渴、尿少bleeding may do damage to body fluid, resulting 和皮肤干燥。严重的津液in thirst, scanty urine and dry skin. And severe 耗损和丢失会影响血源，consumption or loss of body fluid will affect the 导致津液和血液的枯竭。source of blood, leading to the exhaustion of both 因此，对于出血的患者不blood and body fluid. For this reason, it is not 宜用汗法，破血或活血法advisable to use diaphoretics for haemorrhagic 不宜用于津液不足或汗证patients, and the methods of breaking blood or 的患者。《灵枢》指出：pricking blood should be avoided in treating “夺血者无汗，夺汗者无patients with the inadequate of body fluid and 血。”并说：“形肉已夺，hidrosis. Miraculous Pivot states:\The patients 是一夺也；大夺血之后，lost bolld should avoid perspiring; while the 是二夺也；大出汗之后，
patients lost perspiration should avoid Losing 是三夺也；大泄之后，是blood.\And \first contraindication refers to 四夺也；新产及大血之后，emaciated patients; the second to patients lost 是五夺也。此皆不可泻。” blood; the third to patients after severe perspirationl;the fourth to patients after severe diarrheal and the fifth to patients of postpartum hemorrhage. Purgation is contraindicated in all these cases.\
To sum up, the close and complicated 总之，三者的关系是relationships between the three are often shown 紧密复杂的，这常在生理in physiology and pathology, and are of great 和病理上体现，对于辨证importance in TDS. 论治非常重要。
Unit Eleven
Text
MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY(1)
经络—人体联络的通道(1)
The meridian-collateral theory is
concerned with the physiological functions and the pathological changes of the 经络理论是有关经络系统meridian-collateral system, and their 的生理功能和病理变化以及和relationships with zang-fu organs. It is an 脏腑之间关系的理论。它是中important component of the theoretical 医理论系统的重要组成部分，system of TCM. And it is considered as a 被认为是所有中医临床学科特theoretical basis of all clinical subjects of 别是针灸、推拿和气功的理论TCM, especially that of acupuncture, 基础。另外，它还指导其它分moxibustion, tuina and qigong. Besides, it 支学科的临床实践。 guides the clinical practice of other branches of TCM.
The meridians and collaterals are pathways along which qi and blood circulate through the whole body. The meridians are the major
经络是气血循行全身的通
trunks of the meridian-collateral system and
道。经是经络系统的主干，纵
run longitudinally within the body, while the
行于人体，而络是经的分支，
collaterals are the branches of the meridians
呈网状分布于全身。因此，经
and are reticularly distributed over the
络沟通人体脏腑肢节，上下内
whole body. Hence, the meridians and
外，使人体的脏腑组织成为一
collaterals, connecting the zang-fu organs
个有机整体。
with extremities, the upper with the lower and the internal with ihe external portions of the body, make all the body's organs and
tissues an organic whole.
The Composition of the Meridian-Collateral
经络系统的组成
System
The meridian-collateral system consists of
meridians and collaterals as well as their 经络系统由经和络互补而subsidiary parts. This system, internally, 成。这个系统在内联络脏腑组links the zang-fu organs and, externally, 织，在外沟通筋骨肌肤。 joins the tendons, museles and skin.
The meridians are classified into three categories: the regular meridians and the extra meridians and the divergent meridians. There are twelve regular meridians, namely the three yin meridians as well as the three yang meridians of the hands and feet. They are
经可以分为三类：正经、
known collectively as \
奇经和经别。有十二正经即手
meridians\
足三阴三阳经。它们被总称为
qi and blood circulation and start and
“十二正经”，是气血循行的
terminate at given seats, run along fixed
主要通道，有固定的起止点，
routes and meet indefinite orders. They are
按照一定的路径循行并按一定
directly connected with the relevant zang-fu
顺序交接。它们与相对应的脏
organs. The eight extra meridians are
腑直接相连。奇经八脉由督、
composed of Du,Ren, Chong, Dai, Yinqiao,
任、冲、带、阴蹻、阳蹻、阴
Yangqiao, Yinwei and Yangwei meridians. They
维和阳维脉组成 。它们与十二
are interlated with the twelve regular
正经相互联系，并行使控制、
meridians and perform the functions of
联系和调节十二正经的功能。
dominating, connecting and adjusting the
另外，它们不与脏腑直接相关。
twelve regular meridians. And they are not
十二经别是十二正经的延续。
directly related to the internal organs in
它们起于四肢，深入脏腑，浅
addition, the twelve divergent meridians are
出于项部。它们的作用是加强
the extensions of the twelve meridians. They
十二正经表里两经的联系，并
originate from the limbs, run deeper into the
补充十二正经所不能到达的脏
zang-fu organs and emerge from the shallow
腑和身体区域。
neck. Their action is to enhance the Links between every pair of meridians
exteriorly-interiorly related in the twelve meridians and complement the organs and bodily areas to which the regular meridians can not get.
The collaterals are the branches of the 络是经的分支，可分为三meridians. They are divided into three 类：别络、浮络和孙络。起源groups: the divergent collaterals, 于十二正经和任督二脉的别络superficial collaterals and tertiary 和脾之大络统称为“十五别collaterals. The divergent collaterals are 络”。它们的作用是加强表里