8.expand: to become larger in size, number or amount 扩展，扩张 反义：contract 缩小，缩减 expand business 拓展业务 expand one's chest 扩胸运动 The eagle expanded its wings. expand a short story into a novel.
grow
Modern industry has grown. grow business 拓展业务 stretch 延伸，拉伸，延展
The fabric will stretch a little when you wash it. The forest stretched all the way to the horizon. He yawned and stretched. stretch one's legs
dilate 使膨胀起来，使直径增大 dilated pupils 扩大的瞳孔
The medicine will dilate blood vessels. inflate 使充气使膨胀起来
He used a bicycle pump to inflate the ball. inflation n. 膨胀，通货膨胀
magnify 把物体放大，尤其指用放大镜显微镜等放大 This microscope will magnify objects up to 100 times. magnify the dangers 夸大危险性 magnifying glass 放大镜
amplify 强调把声音，电流或电信号放大 The sound is amplified. The signals are amplified.
The photographs do a lot to amplify the texts. amplifier 扩音器，扬声器
9.without any idea of... 丝毫没有考虑到?? without giving any consideration to... ... totally neglecting...
physiological and mental state physical and spiritual well-being
10.give consideration to... 考虑某事 give rise to... 导致某个结果 give birth to... 生孩子 give way to... 让位于??
e.g. Steam trains give way to electric trains.
give credit to... 信任某人，赊帐给某人 give thought to...认真考虑某事 The shop gives credit to its customers. I'll give thought to your proposal.
11.Mode effect on...
mode: particular way or manner 某种方式或模式 mode of life
mode of existence mode of thought
Set the monitor to 256 color mode.
12.with no regard for regard n. 注意，关心 regard for/to... 忽视，漠视: neglect sb./sth.
without any idea of...
without giving any consideration to... with no regard for/to...
13.The necessity of necessity 1. n. 必需品 反义：luxury 奢侈品
the basic necessities of life 生活必需品 2. n. 必要性
Necessity is the mother of invention.
the necessity of doing sth. 做某事的必要性
The report stresses the necessity of eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. out of necessity 出于需要而做某事
Women increasingly went out to work, usually out of economic necessity. 必要的
necessary
essential: very important and necessary
Calcium is essential for the development of bones. vital: extremely important
He played a vital role in setting up the organization. indispensable: 必不可少的
International cooperation is indispensable to the anti-terrorism fight. be a necessity
For most people, a good guide book is a necessity when traveling. be a must 必须??
If you're interested in ancient monuments, then the Acropolis is a must. compulsory 必须去做的 a compulsory course 必修课
选修课 I took French as an elective.
[BrE] an optional course mandatory 表法定的，强制性的必须去做?? [AmE] an elective course Crash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.
14.Offering offer sth. to sb.
The construction of skyscrapers is customer-oriented. please: make sb. Happy
15.Masses
gigantic: huge, enormous, giant, colossal mass: throng; a large crowd a mass of people a throng of people horde / bunch
swarm 大群的熙熙攘攘的来回走动的人群 drove 大批行进中的人群
Tourists come in droves to visit the Imperial Palace. the masses 劳动群众，人民大众
The revolutionary urged the masses to overthrow the government. mass education 群众性的教育
a mass entertainment 大众性的娱乐
weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器
16.While conj. 引导时间状语从句：当某时，在某个过程中 并列连词：而??
e.g. I like reading, while he likes swimming. 引导让步状语从句：尽管?? While/Much as they enjoy the... Although/Though they enjoy the...
17.Dwelling banal 庸俗的 住宅，住所： dwelling
my humble dwelling 寒舍 residence; domicile
dweller 居民 city dwellers
be deprived of... 被??剥夺
the necessities of life: the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature, the intimacy of people, etc. But city dwellers are deprived of all these valuable things in the concrete jungle.
18.consist of... 由??组成 be made up of... be composed of... comprise
People aged 60 and over comprise 20% of the population. 组成了??（某个整体） make up... compose... Constitute...
19.torn
tear 打破宁静，扰乱 air pollution noise pollution
a country torn by war
the problem of overpopulation
20.for the good of... 为了??的利益 for the sake of... for the benefit of... in the interest of... on/in behalf of...
topic sentence
supporting sentences concluding sentence