Unit I. Vocabulary Analysis
1. Phrase practice
1. be confronted with = suddenly found oneself faced with 面临，面对 2. have one thing in common = share the same characteristic 具有相同之处 3. give in to sth. = let oneself be overcome by 屈服，向??让步
4. lock it away within sb. = keep it in one’s mind and don’t ever forget it 埋藏起来 2. Word comparison
1. anger: a strong feeling of wanting to hurt or criticize someone because they have done something bad to you or been unkind to you
2. special: not ordinary or usual, but different in some way and often better or more important 3. spend: to use your money to pay for goods or services 4. conspicuous: very easy to notice
5. last: happening or coming after all other similar things or people
6. alone: adv./adj. without any friends; without the help of other people or things 7. give up: to stop trying to do sth.
8. believe: to feel certain that sth. is true or that sb. is telling you the truth
3. Synonym / Antonym
1.Synonyms: pain, grief, sorrow, agony 2.Antonyms: loudly, harshly, roughly 3. Synonym:: sorrow, grief, dismay
4. Antonyms: inconspicuously, unnoticeably 5. Synonyms: small, little
6. Antonyms: meet, join, unite, gather
7. Synonyms: seriously, severely, hopelessly 8. Antonyms: long, permanent, lasting
4. Word derivation
Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate form of the given word in the brackets.
1. Nobody wanted to live in the industrial part of the town. (industry) 2. The police asked him to give a description of the suitcase he had lost. (describe) 3. He had no suspicion that he was being watched. (suspect) 4. This is Alexandra, my personal assistant. (assist) 5. Although some of my work-mates quickly found new jobs after the factory closed down, my brother and I were unemployed for several months. (employ) 6. Although I was positive that the girl had stolen my ring, I could not find any proof. (prove)
1. industry (n.) 工业、行业；勤奋
industrial (adj.) 工业的；用于工业的；工业发达的 industrious (adj.) 勤奋的、勤劳的 industriously (adv.) 勤劳地、勤奋地 industriousness (n.) 勤奋、勤劳
1
2. describe (v.) 描述某人（某物）；叫做、称做；画（尤指几何图形） description (n.) 对某人（某物）的描述、叙述 descriptive (adj.) 描述的、描写的
3. suspect (v.) 有（某事物）存在或属实的想法，相信；怀疑（某物），不相信；怀疑某人有 某罪
suspect (n.) 嫌疑犯，可疑对象
suspect (adj.) 不可靠的；不可信的；可疑的 suspicion (n.) 怀疑；猜疑；些许味道，少量
suspicious (adj.) 有疑心的，表示怀疑的；引起怀疑的，可疑的 unsuspecting (adj.) 不怀疑的，无猜疑的，可信任的
4. assist (v.) 帮助、协助、援助；在某场合出席，参加某事物 assistance (n.) 帮忙，援助
assistant (n.) 助手、助理；店员
assistant (adj.) （定语）协理、副经理
5. employ (v.) 雇用某人；使用某人（某物），利用（时间、注意力等） employee (n.) 受雇者；雇员；雇工 employer (n.) 雇用者；雇主
employment (n.) 雇用；使用；受雇用；职业
unemployed (adj.) 未被雇用的；失业的；不在使用中的 unemployment (n.) 失业；失业状况；失业人数 6. prove (v.) 证明、证实；显示出是某事物 proof (n.) 证据、证物、证言；验证、证明
proof (adj.) 可防某事物的，有防护作用的；能抵御某事物的；（用以构成复合词）抗?? 的；防??的
disprove (v.) 证明（某事物）有误或有假 disproof (n.) 反证明；反证物
II. Grammar Exercises
1. Tenses
Use of simple past tense:
1) The simple past tense is used to talk about completed actions and habits in the past. e.g. Shakespeare died in 1616.
We used to walk a mile in the morning when we were in London.
2) Past tense of verbs such as want, wonder, hope is used for polite inquiries. e.g. I wondered how you liked the film. Use of past progressive:
1) The past progressive indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a convenient way to indicate that something took place (in the simple past) while something else was happening. e.g. Carlos lost his watch while he was running.
2
2) The past progressive can express incomplete action.
e.g. I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door. ※ as opposed to the simple past, which suggests a completed action e.g. I slept on the couch last night.
3) The past progressive is also used to poke fun at or criticize an action that is sporadic but habitual in nature.
e.g. Tashonda was always handing in late papers.
4) We use the past progressive of verbs such as wonder to show politeness. e.g. I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
※ This use is even more polite and tentative than the simple past.
Use of past perfect tense:
1) The past perfect tense expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. e.g. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
2) If the past perfect tense is not referring to an action at a specific time, it is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here the past perfect tense is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, the past perfect tense cannot be used. e.g. She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
Practice:
Complete the following sentences using the simple past, past progressive or past perfect tense.
Keys:
1. were bathing, were looking, were playing (The past progressive refers to an event in progress.) 2. was leaving, was, arrived, learned, had left, found, had used 3. was cycling, stepped, was going, managed, didn’t hit
4. was playing; was singing (We use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.) 5. tried, wanted, had had, ended
6. entered, didn't recognize, had lost, grown
2. Verbs of perception
Verbs of perception are a set of verbs denoting the use of one of the physical senses. Some verbs of perception see, look at, hear, listen, and feel, along with watch and sense can be used with objects followed by verbs in -ing form, -ed form and infinitive form. e.g. We heard you leave. (Emphasis on our hearing.) We heard you leaving. (Emphasis on your leaving.)
John has never heard the piece played before. (Emphasis on the passive voice of play.)
Practice: Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the verbs in the brackets. 1. The instructor watched the student ________ (take) the test.
3
2. I heard the dog ________ (bark), but it didn’t keep me awake.
3. She felt herself ________ (lift) up by the wind and ________ (throw) to the ground. 4. The missing boy was last seen ____ (play) near the river.
5. They knew her very well. They had seen her _____ (grow) up from childhood.
Keys: 1. take 2. barking 3. lifted, thrown 4. playing 5. grow
3. Special word order with as and though
In a concessive clause introduced by though or although, the complement or the adverbial can be placed at the beginning of the sentence. The formula for the inversion is: complement / adverbial + as / though + subject + predicate verb
e.g. Old as / though he is, he works hard as a young man.
Hard as / though he studied, he did not pass the examination.
Practice：Rewrite the following sentences according to the model. Model: Though it was brief, it had been spent in that big old house.
? Brief as it was, it had been spent in that big old house.
1. Though he was poor, he was honest.
2. Though I admire him much as a writer, I do not like him as a man. 3. Although he is a child, he knows a lot.
4. Though he worked hard, he didn’t finish the work satisfactorily.
Keys:
1. Poor as / though he was, he was honest.
2. Much as/though I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. 3. Child as / though he is, he knows a lot.
4. Hard as / though he worked, he didn’t finish the work satisfactorily.
4. Present participle phrases used as adverbials
Present participle phrases can be used as adverbials to express reason, condition, time, result and attending circumstances.
e.g. Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. (time) Knowing English well, he can read Shakespeare. (reason) Working still harder, you will succeed. (condition)
Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result) He sat at the window eating. (attending circumstances)
Practice:
Fill in each blank with the proper form of the verb in the brackets and decide what it expresses.
Keys:
1. breathing, looking (attending circumstances) 2. Considering (reason)
4