ͨ¹ýÍÑÇâøÍÑϺó£¬ÔÙ¾¹ýһϵÁÐÓëĤ½áºÏµÄÑõ»¯»¹Ô´«µÝÌ壬×îºó½»¸ø±»Ñõ»¯»¹Ôø¼¤»îµÄÑõ¶øÉú³ÉË®µÄÈ«²¿³ÉÔ±Ìåϵ¡£
5. Ñõ»¯Á×Ëữ£¨oxidative phosphorylation£©£ºÖ¸Í¨¹ýµç×Ó´«µÝÌåϵµÄÁ×Ëữ£¬
Ö¸´úлÎïÍÑÇâ¶øÊͷųöµÄµç×Óͨ¹ýºôÎüÁ´µÄ´«µÝ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÊͷųöÀ´µÄÄÜÁ¿Ê¹ADP±»Á×Ëữ¶øÐγÉATP£¬ÕâÖÖ´úлÎïÑõ»¯ÊÍÄܺÍADP±»Á×ËữÏàżÁªµÄ¹ý³Ì³ÆÎªÑõ»¯Á×Ëữ¡£ÊÇÐèÑõÉúÎïÌå»ñÈ¡ATPÄÜÁ¿µÄÖ÷Òª·½Ê½¡£
6. µ×ÎïˮƽÁ×Ëữ£¨substrate level phosphorylation£©£ºÖ¸ÔÚµ×Î´úлÎ
±»Ñõ»¯µÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÐγɵĸßÄÜ£¨Á×Ëᣩ»¯ºÏÎïÔÚÆä¸ßÊÆÄÜ»ùÍÅ×ªÒÆ¹ý³ÌÖÐÊͷųöÀ´µÄÄÜÁ¿Í¨¹ýø´Ù·´Ó¦½«PiÓëADP»¯ºÏ£¨ADPÁ×Ëữ£©ÐγÉATPµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£ ÉúÎïÌå»ñÈ¡ÄÜÁ¿µÄÕâÖÖ·½Ê½£¬¿ÉÓëÑõµÄ´æÔÚÓë·ñÎ޹ء£
7. Á×Ñõ±È£¨P/O ratio£©£ºÖ¸ÔÚÒÔijһÎïÖÊ×÷ΪºôÎüµ×ÎïµÄÉúÎïÑõ»¯ÖУ¬°éËæADP
µÄÁ×ËữËùÏûºÄµÄÎÞ»úÁ×ËᣨÁ×Ô×Ó£©Ä¦¶ûÊýÓëÏûºÄ·Ö×ÓÑõµÄÑõÔ×ÓĦ¶ûÊýµÄ±ÈÖµ£¬Ò²ÊÇÏûºÄÑõÔ×ÓĦ¶ûÊýËù²úÉúµÄATPĦ¶ûÊýÖ®±È¡£
8. ½âżÁª¼Á£¨uncoupling agent£©£ºÒ»ÖÖ²»×èÖ¹ºôÎüÁ´Öеĵç×Ó´«µÝ£¬Ò²²»×÷
ÓÃÓÚATPºÏø¸´ºÏÌ壬µ«Äܹ»Ïû³ýÆä¿çĤµÄÖÊ×ÓŨ¶ÈÌݶȣ¬´Ó¶øÊ¹ATP²»Äܺϳɡ£ÕâÖÖÖ»½â³ýµç×Ó´«µÝÓëADPÁ×Ëữ֮¼ä½ôÃÜżÁª¹ØÏµµÄ»¯ºÏÎï³ÆÎª½âżÁª¼Á¡£ÀýÈç2£¬4-¶þÏõ»ù±½·Ó¡£
9. ¸ßÄÜ»¯ºÏÎhigh energy compound£©£ºÔÚ±ê×¼Ìõ¼þ(pH7£¬25¡æ£¬1mol/L)Ï£¬£¬
¸Ã»¯ºÏÎïÖÐij»ùÍű»×ªÒÆÊ±¿ÉÊͷųö¸ßÓÚ5kcal/mol(¼´20.92kJ/mol)ÒÔÉÏ×ÔÓÉÄܵϝºÏÎï¡£Ò»°ãÒ²ÊÇָij»ùÍű»×ªÒÆÊ±ÊͷŵÄÄÜÁ¿Äܹ»Çý¶¯ADPÁ×ËữºÏ³ÉATPµÄ»¯ºÏÎï¡£
10. »¯Ñ§ÉøÍ¸Ñ§Ëµ (chemiosmotic theory)£ºÓÉÓ¢¹úµÄÃ×Çжû£¨Mitchell 1961£©¾
¹ý´óÁ¿ÊµÑéºóÌá³ö¡£¸Ãѧ˵¼ÙÉèÏßÁ£ÌåÄÚĤÉÏH»òµç×Ó¶¨Ïò´«µÝÓëÄÜÁ¿×ª»»Å¼ÁªµÄ»úÖÆ¾ßÓÐÒÔÏÂÌØµã£º¢Ù ÏßÁ£ÌåÄÚĤ¶ÔÀë×ÓºÍÖÊ×ÓµÄͨ͸¾ßÓÐÑ¡ÔñÐÔ ¢Ú µç×Ó´«µÝÌ壬°üÀ¨´«ÇâÌåÔÚÏßÁ£ÌåÄÚĤÖн»ÌæÅÅÁУ¬³ÊÏÖ²»ÔȳƵÄǶºÏ·Ö²¼ ¢Û H»òµç×ÓÔÚͨ¹ýÄÚĤÉϵç×Ó´«µÝÌåµÄ´«µÝ¹ý³ÌÖн«H+´Ó³ÄÖʱÃÏòÄÚĤÍâ²à ¢Ü ÄÚĤÉÏ»¹ÓÐÖÊ×ÓÇý¶¯µÄATPºÏø¡£¸Ãѧ˵ǿµ÷£ºµ±H»òµç×Ó
17
ÔÚͨ¹ýÕâЩµç×Ó´«µÝÌå×îºóÏòO2µÄ´«µÝ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÖÊ×Ó±»±Ã³öµ½ÏßÁ£ÌåÄÚĤ֮Íâ²à£¬ÐγÉÁËĤÄÚÍâÁ½²à¼ä¿çĤµÄµç»¯Ñ§ÊƲ¸Ãµç»¯Ñ§ÊÆÍƶ¯Ä¤Íâ²àÖÊ×ÓÁ÷¹ýATPºÏø·µ»Ø³ÄÖÊʱ£¬´ß»¯ADPÓëPiºÏ³ÉÁËATP¡£
ËÄ¡¢¼ò´ðÌâ
1¡¢ ´ð£ºÏàͬµã£ºÁ½ÕßÑõ»¯µÄ±¾ÖÊÏàͬ£¬¼´¶¼ÊǽøÐеç×ÓµÄ×ªÒÆ£¬¶¼ÏûºÄÑõÆø£¬
ÊͷŵÄÖÕ²úÎïºÍÄÜÁ¿Ïàͬ¡£ ²»Í¬µã£ºÁ½ÕßÑõ»¯µÄ·½Ê½²»Í¬¡£
¢ÙÉúÎïÌåÄÚµÄÑõ»¯ÊÇÔÚϸ°ûÄÚ½øÐеģ¬Ìõ¼þκͣ¬ÓÐË®µÄ»·¾³ºÍһϵÁÐøµÄ²ÎÓ룻ÌåÍâÑõ»¯ÔòÔÚ¸ÉÔï»·¾³£¬Ò»°ãÐè¸ßÎÂÉõÖÁ¸ßѹ²ÅÄܽøÐС£
¢ÚÉúÎïÌåÄÚÑõ»¯ÊÇÖð¼¶½øÐе쬲¢ÇÒÖð¼¶ÊÍ·ÅÄÜÁ¿£¬ÇÒһЩÄÜÁ¿±»Öü´æÔÚÌØÊâµÄ¸ßÄÜ»¯ºÏÎïÈçATPÖУ»ÌåÍâÑõ»¯ÔòÄÜÁ¿Ò»´ÎÒÔ¹â»òÈȵÄÐÎʽÊÍ·Å¡£ 2¡¢ ´ð£ºÓлúÎïÖÊÉϵĵç×Ó£¨ÇâÔ×Ó£©¿ÉÒÔÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½±»ÍÑÈ¥£¬Ò»ÖÖÊDZ»ÒÔNAD+
Ϊ¸¨Ã¸µÄÍÑÇâøÍÑÏ£¬ÑØNADHºôÎüÁ´½øÐеç×ӵĴ«µÝ£»ÁíÒ»ÖÖÔòÊDZ»ÒÔFADΪ¸¨»ùµÄÍÑÇâøÍÑÏ£¬ÒÔFADH2ÑØçúçêËáºôÎüÁ´½øÐеç×ӵĴ«µÝ¡£ 3¡¢ ´ð£º¿¹¶¾ËØAÒÖÖÆÁ˸´ºÏÌå¢ó£¬Ê¹µÃ´Ó¸´ºÏÌå¢ñºÍ¢òÀ´µÄµç×Ó¾ù²»ÄÜ´«ÖÁ¸´
ºÏÌå¢ô£¬Õû¸öºôÎüÁ´µç×Ó´«µÝÖжϡ£ÓãÌÙͪÒÖÖÆ¸´ºÏÌå¢ñ£¬ËäÈ»×è¶ÏÁ˸´ºÏÌå¢ñÀ´µÄµç×Ó´«µÝ£¬µ«²»Ó°Ïì´Ó¸´ºÏÌå¢òÀ´µÄµç×Óµ½ÑõµÄ´«µÝ£¬µç×Ó´«µÝ¹ý³ÌÖÐÈÔÄÜÓÐÉÙÁ¿µÄATP²úÉú¡£
4¡¢ ´ð£º1molçúçêõ£CoAÍêÈ«Ñõ»¯Ëù×ߵķ¾¶Îª£º
çúçêõ£CoA çúçêËᣨµ×ÎïˮƽÁ×Ëữ£¬Éú³É1molGTP£© ÑÓºúË÷
Ëᣨ1molFADH2·Å³ö£© Æ»¹ûËá ²Ýõ£ÒÒËᣨÊÍ·Å1molNADH£© PEP£¨ÏûºÄ1molGTP£© ±ûͪËᣨµ×ÎïˮƽÁ×Ëữ£¬Éú³É1molATP£© ÒÒõ£CoA£¨ÊÍ·Å1molNADH£© TCAÑ»·ÍêÈ«Ñõ»¯£¨¹²Éú³É3molNADH, 1molFADH2,1molGTP£©
ÓãÌÙͪÒÖÖÆ¸´ºÏÌå¢ñ£¬Éú³ÉµÄNADH²»ÄܽøÈëºôÎüÁ´½øÐÐÑõ»¯¡£ Õû¸ö·´Ó¦¹²Éú³É2molFADH2£¬½øÈëºôÎüÁ´Éú³ÉATPµÄÊýÁ¿£º1.5¡Á2 = 3mol µ×ÎïˮƽÁ×ËữÉú³É£º2molGTP¡¢1molATP ÏûºÄ£º1molGTP
18
¾»Éú³É£º 4molATP¡¢1molGTP Ï൱ÓÚ5 molATP
5¡¢ ´ð£ºµ×ÎïˮƽÁ×ËữÊÇÓлúÎïÖÊÔÚ·Ö½â´úл¹ý³ÌÖÐÐγɵĸßÄÜÖмä²úÎïÔÚÆä
¸ßÊÆÄÜ»ùÍÅ×ªÒÆ¹ý³ÌÖÐÊͷųöÀ´µÄÄÜÁ¿Í¨¹ýø´Ù·´Ó¦´ÙʹADPÉú³ÉATPµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£ËüÒ²ÊÇÑáÑõÉúÎï»ñÈ¡ÄÜÁ¿µÄΨһ·½·¨¡£
Ñõ»¯Á×ËữÊÇÇ⣨H£©»òµç×Ó¾ºôÎüÁ´£¨µç×Ó´«µÝÁ´£©´«µÝµ½´ïÑõ¶øÉú³ÉË®µÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ËùÊͷŵÄÄÜÁ¿Å¼ÁªADPÁ×ËữÉú³ÉATPµÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÊÇÐèÑõÉúÎïÌåÉú³ÉATPµÄÖ÷Òª·½Ê½¡£
6¡¢ ´ð£ºNADPHÓëNADHµÄÇø±ðÔÚÓÚ£ºÇ°ÕßµÄÏÙÜÕ²¿·Ö·Ö×ӽṹÖеÄ2¡¯-ôÇ»ù
ΪÁ×ËáËùõ¥»¯¡£NADPH¼¸ºõ½öÓÃÓÚÉúÎï·Ö×Ó»¹ÔÐԺϳɣ¬¶øNADHÖ÷ÒªÓÃÓÚËüµÄÑõ»¯¹ý³ÌÖÐÈ¥²úÉúATP¡£NADPHµÄ2¡¯-ôÇ»ùÉ϶îÍâµÄÁ×Ëá»ù¿É×÷Ϊ±ê¼Ç£¬ÒÔʹÓйصÄøÄÜÇø±ðÕâÁ½Àศø¡£
7¡¢ ´ð£º½âÀë״̬µÄ2£¬4-¶þÏõ»ù±½·Ó£¨²»ÄÜ͸¹ýĤ£©¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÜÖÊ×Ó¶ø³ÉΪÒ×͸
¹ýĤµÄÖ¬ÈÜ״̬£¬½«ÖÊ×Ó´øµ½ÖÊ×ÓŨ¶ÈµÍµÄÒ»·½£¬ÕâÑùÆÆ»µÁËÖÊ×Ó¿çĤÌݶȣ¬½â³ýÁ˵ç×Ó´«µÝ¹ý³ÌÖеÄÑõ»¯×÷ÓÃÓëÉú³ÉATPµÄÁ×Ëữ֮¼äµÄżÁª×÷Óᣠ8¡¢´ð£º³£¼ûµÄºôÎüÁ´µç×Ó´«µÝÒÖÖÆ¼ÁÓУº
¢ÅÓãÌÙͪ¡¢°²ÃÜÍ×ÒÔ¼°É±·Ûµû¾úËØA£¬ËüÃǵÄ×÷ÓÃÊÇ×è¶Ïµç×ÓÓÉNADHÏò¸¨Ã¸QµÄ´«µÝ¡£ÓãÌÙͪÊÇÄܺÍNADHÍÑÇâøÀι̽áºÏ£¬Òò¶øÄÜ×è¶ÏNADHºôÎüÁ´µÄµç×Ó´«µÝ¡£ÓãÌÙͪ¶Ô»ÆËص°°×²»Æð×÷Óã¬ËùÒÔÓãÌÙͪ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´¼ø±ðNADHºôÎüÁ´ÓëFADH2ºôÎüÁ´¡£°²ÃÜÍ×µÄ×÷ÓÃÓëÓãÌÙͪÏàËÆ£¬µ«×÷ÓýÏÈõ£¬¿ÉÓÃ×÷Âé×íÒ©¡£É±·Ûµû¶¾ËØAÊǸ¨Ã¸QµÄ½á¹¹ÀàËÆÎÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÒÔÓ븨øQ¾ºÕù£¬´Ó¶øÒÖÖÆµç×ÓÔÚºôÎüÁ´ÖеĴ«µÝ¡£
¢Æ¿¹¶¾ËØAÊÇ´ÓÁ´Ã¹¾ú·ÖÀë³öµÄ¿¹¾úËØ£¬ËüÒÖÖÆµç×Ó´Óϸ°ûÉ«ËØbµ½Ï¸°ûÉ«ËØc1µÄ´«µÝ×÷Óá£
¢ÇÇ軯Îï¡¢Ò»Ñõ»¯Ì¼¡¢µþµª»¯ºÏÎï¼°Áò»¯Çâ¿ÉÒÔ×è¶Ïµç×ÓÓÉϸ°ûÉ«ËØaa3ÏòÑõµÄ´«µÝ×÷Óã¬ÕâÒ²¾ÍÊÇÇ軯Îï¼°Ò»Ñõ»¯Ì¼Öж¾µÄÔÒò¡£ 9¡¢´ð£ºATPÔÚÌåÄÚÓÐÐí¶àÖØÒªµÄÉúÀí×÷Óãº
¢ÅÊÇ»úÌåÄÜÁ¿µÄÔÝʱ´¢´æÐÎʽ£ºÔÚÉúÎïÑõ»¯ÖУ¬Äܽ«ºôÎüÁ´Éϵç×Ó´«µÝ¹ý³ÌÖÐËùÊͷŵĵ绯ѧÄÜÒÔADPÁ×ËữÉú³ÉATPµÄ·½Ê½´¢´æÆðÀ´£¬Òò´ËATPÊÇÉúÎïÑõ»¯ÖÐÄÜÁ¿ÔÝʱ´¢´æÐÎʽ¡£
19
¢ÆÊÇ»úÌåÆäËûÄÜÁ¿ÐÎʽµÄÀ´Ô´£ºATP·Ö×ÓÄÚËùº¬ÓеĸßÄܼü¿Éת»¯³ÉÆäËûÄÜÁ¿ÐÎʽ£¬ÒÔά³Ö»úÌåµÄÕý³£ÉúÀí»úÄÜ£¬ÀýÈç¿Éת»¯³É»úеÄÜ¡¢ÉúÎïµçÄÜ¡¢ÈÈÄÜ¡¢ÉøÍ¸ÄÜ¡¢ÉúÎï·Ö×Ó»¯Ñ§ºÏ³ÉÄܵȡ£ÌåÄÚijЩÉúÎï·Ö×Ӻϳɷ´Ó¦²»Ò»¶¨¶¼Ö±½ÓÀûÓÃATP¹©ÄÜ£¬¶øÒÔÆäËûÈýÁ×ËáºËÜÕ×÷ΪÄÜÁ¿µÄÖ±½ÓÀ´Ô´¡£ÈçÌÇԺϳÉÐèUTP¹©ÄÜ£»Á×Ö¬ºÏ³ÉÐèCTP¹©ÄÜ£»µ°°×ÖʺϳÉÐèÒªGTP¹©ÄÜ¡£¶øÕâЩÈýÁ×ËáºËÜÕ·Ö×ÓÖеĸßÄÜÁ×Ëá¼ü²¢²»ÊÇÔÚÉúÎïÑõ»¯¹ý³ÌÖÐÖ±½ÓÉú³ÉµÄ£¬¶øÊÇÀ´Ô´ÓÚATP¡£
¢Ç¿ÉÉú³ÉcAMP²ÎÓë¼¤ËØµÄµ÷½Ú×÷ÓãºATPÔÚϸ°ûĤÉϵÄÏÙÜÕËá»·»¯Ã¸´ß»¯Ï£¬¿ÉÉú³ÉcAMP£¬×÷ΪÐí¶àëÄÀà¼¤ËØÔÚϸ°ûÄÚÌåÏÖÉúÀíµ÷½ÚЧӦµÄµÚ¶þÐÅʹ¡£
10¡¢´ð£ºÏ¸°ûÄÚ´æÔÚ×ÅÈýÖÖ¾³£²ÎÓëÄÜÁ¿´úлµÄÏÙÜÕËᣬ¼´ATP¡¢ADPºÍAMP¡£
ÕâÈýÖÖÏÙÜÕËáµÄ×ÜÁ¿ËäÈ»ºÜÉÙ£¬µ«Óëϸ°ûµÄ·Ö½â´úлºÍºÏ³É´úл½ôÃÜÏàÁ¬¡£ÈýÖÖÏÙÜÕËáÔÚϸ°ûÖи÷×Եĺ¬Á¿Ò²ËæÊ±±ä¶¯¡£ÉúÎïÌåÖÐATP-ADP-AMPϵͳµÄÄÜÁ¿×´Ì¬£¨¼´Ï¸°ûÖиßÄÜÁ×Ëá״̬£©ÔÚÊýÁ¿ÉϵĺâÁ¿³ÆÎªÄܺɡ£ ÄܺɵĴóСÓëϸ°ûÖÐATP¡¢ADPºÍAMPµÄÏà¶Ôº¬Á¿Óйء£µ±Ï¸°ûÖÐÈ«²¿ÏÙ
ÜÕËá¾ùÒÔATPÐÎʽ´æÔÚʱ£¬ÔòÄܺÉ×î´ó£¬Îª100%£¬¼´ÄܺÉΪÂúÔØ¡£Èç¹ûÈ«²¿ÒÔAMPÐÎʽ´æÔÚʱ£¬ÔòÄܺÉ×îС£¬ÎªÁã¡£µ«Èç¹ûÈ«²¿ÒÔADPÐÎʽ´æÔÚʱ£¬ÄܺɾÓÖУ¬Îª50%¡£ÈôÈýÕß²¢´æÊ±£¬ÄܺÉÔòËæ×ÅÈýÕߺ¬Á¿µÄ±ÈÀý²»Í¬¶ø±íÏÖ²»Í¬µÄ°Ù·ÖÖµ¡£Í¨³£Çé¿öÏÂϸ°û´¦ÓÚ80%µÄÄܺÉ״̬¡£
ÄܺÉÓë´úлµ÷½ÚµÄ¹ØÏµ£ºÏ¸°ûÖÐÄܺɸßʱ£¬ÔòÒÖÖÆÁËATPµÄÉú³É£¬µ«´Ù½ø
ÁËATPµÄÀûÓã¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¸ßÄܺɿɴٽøºÏ³É´úл£¬²¢ÒÖÖÆ·Ö½â´úл¡£Ïà·´£¬µÍÄܺÉÔò´Ù½ø·Ö½â´úл£¬ÒÖÖÆºÏ³É´úл¡£
Äܺɵ÷½ÚʱÊÇͨ¹ýATP¡¢ADPºÍAMP·Ö×Ó¶ÔijЩ¹Ø¼üø·Ö×Ó½øÐб乹µ÷½Ú
½øÐеġ£ÀýÈçÌǽͽâÖУ¬Á×Ëá¹ûÌǼ¤Ã¸ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹Ø¼üµÄø£¬ËüµÄ»îÐÔÊÜATPµÄÇ¿ÁÒÒÖÖÆ£¬µ«ÊÜADPºÍAMP´Ù½ø¡£±ûͪËἤøҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£ÔÚÈýôÈËáÑ»·ÖУ¬±ûͪËáÍÑÇâø¡¢ÄûÃÊËáºÏø¡¢ÒìÄûÃÊËáÍÑÇâøºÍ¦Á-ͪÎì¶þËáÍÑÇâøϵµÄ»îÐԵȣ¬¶¼Êܵ½ATPµÄÒÖÖÆºÍADPµÄ´Ù½ø¡£ºôÎüÁ´µÄÑõ»¯Á×ËữËÙ¶ÈͬÑùÊÜATPµÄÒÖÖÆºÍADPµÄ´Ù½ø¡£
11¡¢´ð£ºÕâÑùµÄϸ¾ú²»Äܹ»Ê¹ÓÿçĤµÄÖÊ×ÓÌݶȲúÉúATP£¬ÕâÊÇÒòΪÈç¹ûÒªÇóËü
20