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3-24 Suppose that the case for checksum errors were removed from the switch statement of protocol 6. How would this change affect the operation of the protocol?

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3-25 In protocol 6 the code for frame_arrival has a section used for NAKs. This section is invoked if the incoming frame is a NAK and another condition is met. Give a scenario where the presence of this other condition is essential. ÔÚЭÒé6ÖУ¬Õë¶Ôframe_arrivalµÄ´úÂëÖÐÓÐÒ»²¿·Ö±»ÓÃÓÚNAK¡£Èç¹ûÊÕµ½µÄÖ¡ÊÇÒ»¸öNAK£¬²¢ÇÒÁíÒ»¸öÌõ¼þÒ²Âú×ãµÄ»°£¬ÔòÕⲿ·Ö´úÂë»á±»µ÷Óõ½¡£Çë¸ø³öÒ»¸ö³¡¾°£¬Ôڴ˳¡¾°ÏÂÕâÁíÒ»¸öÌõ¼þÊǷdz£¹Ø¼üµÄ¡£ ´ð£ºÕâÀïÒªÇór.rack+1

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3-26 Imagine that you are writing the data link layer software for a line used to send data to you, but not from you. The other end uses HDLC, with a 3-bit sequence number and a window size of seven frames. You would like to buffer as many out-of-sequence frames as possible to enhance efficiency, but you are not allowed to modify the software on the sending side. Is it possible to have a receiver window greater than 1, and still guarantee that the protocol will never fail? If so, what is the largest window that can be safely used? ÏëÏóÄãÕýÔÚ±àдһ¸öÊý¾ÝÁ´Â·²ãÈí¼þ£¬Ëü±»ÓÃÔÚÒ»ÌõרßøÄã·¢ËÍÊý¾ÝµÄÏß·ÉÏ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÈÃÄãÍùÍâ·¢ËÍÊý¾Ý¡£ÁíÒ»¶ËʹÓÃÁËHDLC£¬3λÐòÁкźÍÒ»¸ö¿ÉÈÝÄÉ7Ö¡µÄ´°¿Ú¡£ÄãÏ£Íû½«ÂÒÐòµÄÖ¡¾¡¿ÉÄÜ¶àµØ»º´æÆðÀ´£¬ÒÔÌá¸ßЧÂÊ£¬µ«ÊÇÄãÓÖ²»ÔÊÐíÐ޸ķ¢ËÍ·½µÄÈí¼þ¡£ÊÇ·ñÓпÉÄÜÈýÓÊÕ·½µÄ´°¿Ú´óÓÚ1£¬²¢ÇÒÈÔÈ»±£Ö¤¸ÃЭÒé²»»áʧ°ÜÄØ£¿Èç¹û¿ÉÄܵϰ£¬Äܹ»°²È«Ê¹ÓõÄ×î´ó´°¿ÚÊǶàÉÙ£¿ ´ð£º²»¿ÉÒÔ¡£×î´ó½ÓÊÕ´°¿ÚµÄ´óС¾ÍÊÇ1¡£ÏÖÔÚ¼Ù¶¨¸Ã½ÓÊÕ´°¿ÚÖµ±äΪ2¡£¿ªÊ¼Ê±·¢ËÍ·½·¢ËÍ0 ÖÁ6 ºÅÖ¡£¬ËùÓÐ7 ¸öÖ¡¶¼±»ÊÕµ½£¬²¢×÷ÁËÈ·ÈÏ£¬µ«È·Èϱ»¶ªÊ§¡£ÏÖÔÚ½ÓÊÕ·½×¼±¸½ÓÊÕ7 ºÅºÍ0 ºÅÖ¡£¬µ±ÖØ·¢µÄ0 ºÅÖ¡µ½´ï½ÓÊÕ·½Ê±£¬Ëü½«»á±»»º´æ±£Áô£¬½ÓÊÕ·½È·ÈÏ6 ºÅÖ¡¡£µ±7 ºÅÖ¡µ½À´µÄʱºò£¬½ÓÊÕ·½½«°Ñ7 ºÅÖ¡ºÍ»º´æµÄ0 ºÅÖ¡´«µÝ¸øÖ÷»ú£¬µ¼ÖÂЭÒé´íÎó¡£Òò´Ë£¬Äܹ»°²È«Ê¹ÓõÄ×î´ó´°¿ÚֵΪ1¡£

3-28 In protocol 6, MAX_SEQ = 2n - 1. While this condition is obviously desirable to make efficient use of header bits, we have not demonstrated that it is essential. Does the protocol work correctly for MAX_SEQ = 4, for example? ÔÚЭÒé6ÖУ¬MAX_SEQ£½2n£­1.Õâ¸öÌõ¼þÏÔÈ»ÊÇÏ£Íû¾¡¿ÉÄܵØÀûÓÃÍ·²¿µÄ룬µ«ÊÇÎÒÃÇÎÞ·¨Ö¤Ã÷Õâ¸öÌõ¼þȷʵºÜ¹Ø¼ü¡£ÀýÈ磬ЭÒéÔÚMAX_SEQ£½4µÄʱºòÒ²Äܹ»ÕýÈ·µØ¹¤×÷Â𣿠´ð£º²»ÄÜ£¬Ð­ÒéµÄÔËÐн«»áʧ°Ü¡£µ±MaxSeq=4£¬ÐòÁкŵÄÄ£Êý=4+1=5£¬´°¿Ú´óС½«µÈÓÚ£ºNrBufs<=5/2=2.5£¬¼´µÃµ½£¬NrBufs=2¡£Òò´ËÔÚ¸ÃЭÒéÖУ¬Å¼ÊýÐòºÅʹÓûº³åÇø1¡£ÕâÖÖÓ³ÉäÒâζ×ÅÖ¡4 ºÍ0 ½«Ê¹ÓÃͬһ»º³åÇø¡£¼Ù¶¨0 ÖÁ3 ºÅÖ¡¶¼ÕýÈ·ÊÕµ½ÁË£¬²¢ÇÒ¶¼È·ÈÏÓ¦´ðÁË£¬²¢ÇÒ¶¼È·ÈÏÓ¦´ðÁË¡£Èç¹ûËæºóµÄ4 ºÅÖ¡¶ªÊ§£¬ÇÒÏÂÒ»¸ö0 ºÅÖ¡ÊÕµ½ÁË£¬ÐµÄ0 ºÅÖ¡½«±»·Åµ½»º³åÇø0 ÖУ¬±äÁ¿arrived[0]±»Öóɡ°Õ桱¡£ÕâÑù£¬Ò»¸öʧÐòÖ¡½«±»Í¶µÝ¸øÖ÷»ú¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬²ÉÓÃÑ¡ÔñÐÔÖØ´«µÄ»¬¶¯´°¿ÚЭÒéÐèÒªMaxSeq ÊÇÆæÊý²ÅÄÜÕýÈ·µÄ¹¤×÷¡£È»¶øÆäËûµÄ»¬¶¯´°¿ÚЭÒéµÄʵÏÖ²¢²»¾ßÓÐÕâÒ»ÐÔÖÊ¡£

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3-29 Frames of 1000 bits are sent over a 1-Mbps channel using a geostationary satellite whose propagation time from the earth is 270 msec. Acknowledgements are always piggybacked onto data frames. The headers are very short. Three-bit sequence numbers are used. What is the maximum achievable channel utilization for (a) Stop-and-wait. (b) Protocol 5. (c) Protocol 6. ÀûÓõØÇòͬ²½ÎÀÐÇÔÚÒ»¸ö1MbpsµÄÐŵÀÉÏ·¢ËÍ1000λµÄÖ¡£¬¸ÃÐŵÀÀ뿪µØÇòµÄ´«ÊäÑÓ³ÙΪ270ms¡£È·ÈÏÐÅÏ¢×ÜÊDZ»ÉÓ´øÔÚÊý¾Ý֡ɵ¹ÃÄͷ²¿·Ç³£¶Ì£¬²¢ÇÒʹÓÃ3λÐòÁкš£ÔÚÏÂÃæµÄЭÒéÖУ¬×î´ó¿É»ñµÃµÄÐŵÀÀûÓÃÂÊÊǶàÉÙ£¿(a)Í£-µÈЭÒé(b)ЭÒé5£¨c)ЭÒé6 ´ð£º¶ÔÓ¦ÈýÖÖЭÒéµÄ´°¿Ú´óСֵ·Ö±ðÊÇ1¡¢7 ºÍ4¡£

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3-30 Compute the fraction of the bandwidth that is wasted on overhead (headers and retransmissions) for protocol 6 on a heavily-loaded 50-kbps satellite channel with data frames consisting of 40 header and 3960 data bits. Assume that the signal propagation time from the earth to the satellite is 270 msec. ACK frames never occur. NAK frames are 40 bits. The error rate for data frames is 1 percent, and the error rate for NAK frames is negligible. The sequence numbers are 8 bits.

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3-32 A 100-km-long cable runs at the T1 data rate. The propagation speed in the cable is 2/3 the speed of light in vacuum. How many bits fit in the cable?

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4-1 For this problem, use a formula from this chapter, but first state the formula. Frames arrive randomly at a 100-Mbps channel for transmission. If the channel is busy when a frame arrives, it waits its turn in a queue. Frame length is exponentially distributed with a mean of 10,000 bits/frame. For each of the following frame arrival rates, give the delay experienced by the average frame, including both queueing time and transmission time. (a) 90 frames/sec. (b) 900 frames/sec. (c) 9000 frames/sec. (time delay, T // a channel of capacity C bps // with an arrival rate of ? frames/sec)

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4-2 A group of N stations share a 56-kbps pure ALOHA channel. Each station outputs a 1000-bit frame on an average of once every 100 sec, even if the previous one has not yet been sent (e.g., the stations can buffer outgoing frames). What is the maximum value of N? N¸öÕ¾¹²ÏíÒ»¸ö56kbpsµÄ´¿ALOHAÐŵÀ¡£Ã¿¸öվƽ¾ùÿ100ÃëÊä³öÒ»¸ö1000λµÄÖ¡£¬¼°Ê±Ç°ÃæµÄÖ¡»¹Ã»Óб»Ëͳö£¬ËüÒ²ÕâÑù½øÐУ¨±ÈÈçÕâЩվ¿ÉÒÔ½«ËͳöµÄÖ¡»º´æÆðÀ´£©¡£ÇëÎÊNµÄ×î´óÖµÊǶàÉÙ£¿ ´ð£º¶ÔÓÚ´¿µÄALOHA£¬¿ÉÓõĴø¿íÊÇ0.184¡Á56 Kb/s?=10.304?Kb/ s¡£Ã¿¸öÕ¾ÐèÒªµÄ´ø¿íΪ1000/100=10b/s¡£¶øN=10304/10¡Ö1030 ËùÒÔ£¬×î¶à¿ÉÒÔÓÐ1030 ¸öÕ¾£¬¼´N µÄ×î´óֵΪ1030¡£

4-3 Consider the delay of pure ALOHA versus slotted ALOHA at low load. Which one is less? Explain your answer.

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4-4 Ten thousand airline reservation stations are competing for the use of a single slotted ALOHA channel. The average station makes 18 requests/hour. A slot is 125 ¦Ìsec. What is the approximate total channel load?

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4-5 A large population of ALOHA users manages to generate 50 requests/sec, including both originals and retransmissions. Time is slotted in units of 40 msec. (a) What is the chance of success on the first attempt? (b) What is the probability of exactly k collisions and then a success? (c) What is the expected number of transmission attempts needed? Ò»´óȺALOHAÓû§Ã¿ÃëÖÓ²úÉú50¸öÇëÇ󣬰üÀ¨Ô­Ê¼µÄÇëÇóºÍÖØ´«µÄÇëÇó¡£Ê±²Ûµ¥Î»Îª40ms¡£(a)Ê״η¢Ëͳɹ¦µÄ¼¸ÂÊÊǶàÉÙ£¿(b)Ç¡ºÃk´Î³åͻ֮ºó³É¹¦µÄ¸ÅÂÊÊǶàÉÙ? (c)ËùÐè´«ËÍ´ÎÊýµÄÆÚÍûÖµÊǶàÉÙ£¿ ´ð£º£¨a£©ÔÚÈÎһ֡ʱ¼äÄÚÉú³Ék Ö¡µÄ¸ÅÂÊ·þ´Ó²´ËÉ·Ö²¼

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4-6 Measurements of a slotted ALOHA channel with an infinite number of users show that 10 percent of the slots are idle. (a) What is the channel load, G? (b) What is the throughput? (c) Is the channel underloaded or overloaded? ¶ÔÒ»¸öÎÞÏÞÓû§µÄ·Ö²ÛALOHAÐŵÀµÄ²âÊÔ±íÃ÷£¬10%µÄʱ²ÛÊÇ¿ÕÏеġ£(a)ÐŵÀÔØºÉGÊǶàÉÙ?(b)ÍÌÍÂÁ¿ÊǶàÉÙ?£¨c)¸ÃÐŵÀÊÇÔØºÉ²»×㣬»¹ÊǹýÔØÁË? ´ð£º£¨a£©´Ó²´Ëɶ¨Âɵõ½p0£½e ¨CG £¬Òò´ËG£½ -lnp0= -ln0.1£½2.3 £¨b£© S£½G e -G £¬ G £½2.3£¬e -G=0.1 S=2.3¡Á0.1=0.23

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4-8 How long does a station, s, have to wait in the worst case before it can start transmitting its frame over a LAN that uses (a) the basic bit-map protocol? (b) Mok and Ward's protocol with permuting virtual station numbers? Èç¹ûÒ»¸öLANʹÓÃÁËÏÂÁÐЭÒ飬ÇëÎÊÔÚ×î²îÇé¿öÏ£¬Ò»¸öÕ¾sÔÚ¿ªÊ¼´«ËÍ֮֡ǰ±ØÐëÒªµÈµ½¶à³¤Ê±¼ä£¿£¨a£©»ù±¾µÄλͼЭÒ飨b£©¸Ä±äÐéÄâÕ¾ÐòÁкŵÄMok-WardЭÒé (a) ×µÄÇé¿öÊÇ£ºËùÓÐÕ¾¶¼Ïë·¢ËÍ£¬ÆäÖÐsÊDZàºÅ×îСµÄÕ¾µã¡£µÈ´ýʱ¼äÊÇNλÕùÓÃÖÜÆÚ+(N-1) ¡Ád λ֡´«Ê䣬һ¹²ÊÇN+(N-1) dλʱ¼ä£»

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