2019年上海市奉贤区高考英语一模试卷
II. Grammar and Vocabulary 1．（15分）
To Be Joyful， To Be Young
What really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle？ It's probably not what you think． In the past 30 years of conducting clinical research， I （1） （learn） that real keys are pleasure， joy and freedom． Joy of living is sustainable； fear of dying is not． Why？ Because life is to be enjoyed． There's no point （2） （abandon） something you enjoy unless you get something back that's even better， and quickly． When people eat more healthfully，（3） （quit） smoking， and manage stress better， they find they feel so much better， so quickly． It reconstructs the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living．
When you exercise and eat right， your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen， so you become smarter， have more energy， and need less sleep． Two studies showed just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many neurons（神经细胞） （4） （grow） that it actually increased the size of people's brains!
Your face receives more blood flow， so your skin glows more and wrinkles less． You look younger and more attractive． In contrast， an unhealthy diet， lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face （5） you age more quickly． Smoking speeds up aging because nicotine contributes to your blood vessel becoming narrower， （6） decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely． This is why smokers look years older than they really are．
One of the most interesting findings was that the mothers' awareness of stress was more important than （7） was objectively occurring in their lives． （8） （give） a questionnaire， the women were asked to rate on a three﹣point scale how stressed they felt each day． The women who realized they were under heavy stress had significantly shortened and damaged telomeres（染色体端粒） compared with （9） who felt more relaxed． Contrarily， some of the women who felt relaxed （10） raising a disabled child had more normal﹣appearing telomeres．
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In other words， if you feel stressed， you are stressed． 2．（15分）
A． uprising E． features I． inhabited B． original F． luxuriously J． matters C． frequently G． captured K． ranks D． spectacular H． approaches Welcome to Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle is the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world and the Official Residence of the Queen of Britain． Over a period of nearly 1，000 years it has been（1） continuously， and altered and redecorated by monarchs（君主） one after the other． Some were great builders， strengthening the Castle against （2） and rebellion； others， living in more peaceful times， created a grand Royal residence． William the Conqueror chose the site， high above the river Thames and on the edge of a Saxon hunting ground． It was a day's march from the Tower of London and intended to guard the western （3） to the capital． The outer walls of today's structure are in the same position as those of the （4） castle built by William the Conqueror in the 1070s．The Queen uses the Castle both as a private home， where she usually spends the weekend， and as a Royal residence at which she undertakes certain formal duties． Windsor Castle is （5） used by the Queen to host State Visits from overseas monarchs and presidents． Every year the Queen takes up official residence in Windsor Castle for a month over Easter （March﹣April）．
The Castle is huge， so people tend to head for the most（6） bits﹣﹣﹣the State Apartments， St． George's Chapel， the Gallery and the delightful Queen Mary's Dolls House． Works of art， antique furniture， curiosities and impressive architecture reflect the tastes of many different royal generations． The State Apartments are（7） decorated formal rooms still used for state and official functions．
The magnificent and beautiful St． George's Chapel was started in 1475 by Edward IV and was completed 50 years later by Henry VIII． It （8） among the finest examples of late medieval architecture in the UK．
The Drawings Gallery（9） the exhibition \： 60 Photographs for 60 Years\． The exhibition presents portraits of the Queen（10） in brief moments on both
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official occasions and at relaxed family gatherings． III. Reading Comprehension 3．（30分）
\
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed． However， it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not， or why one is cooperative and another is （1） ．
Social scientists are of course （2） interested in these types of questions． They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour． There are no clear answers yet， but two （3） schools of thought on the matter have developed． As one might expect， the two approaches are very different from each other， and there is a great deal of debate between （4） of each theory． The controversy（争论） is often conveniently referred to as \．
Those who（5） the \behaviour patterns are （6） determined by biological factors． That our environment has little， if anything， to do with our abilities， characteristics and behaviour is （7） to this theory． Taken to an extreme， this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our （8） ． Supporters of the \， or， as they are often called，（9） ， claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act． A behaviorist， B． F． Skinner， sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely（10） by their surroundings． The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic． They state that， like machines， humans respond to （11） stimuli（刺激） as the basis of their behaviour．
Socially and politically， the consequences of these two theories are （12） ． In the US， for example， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests． This leads some \supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are． Behaviorists，（13） ， say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy， and that， as a result， they do not develop the same （14）
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that whites do．
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour． As a matter of fact， it is quite （15） that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．
（1）A． sensitive （2）A． moderately （3）A． distinct （4）A． objectors （5）A． claim （6）A． completely （7）A． sensitive （8）A． abilities （9）A． experts （10）A． shaped
B． productive C． competitive B． extremely B． reliable B． operators B． support B． largely B． open B． capacities B． scientists B． dominated
C． reluctantly C． relevant C． opponents C． resolve C． thoroughly C． central C． personalities C． environmentalists C． oppressed C． genetic C． fatal C． after all C． characteristics
D． aggressive D． scarcely D． equal D． advocates D． inherit D． merely D． subject D． instincts D． behaviorists D． restricted D． psychological D． far﹣reaching D． for instance D． advantages D． likely
（11）A． environmental B． biological （12）A． temporary
B． slight
（13）A． on the contrary B． as a whole （14）A． habits （15）A． necessary
B． responses
B． impossible C． unreasonable
4．（8分）I'm a student in my fourth year of a biomedical science degree at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen， but I also work 38 hours a week at Sainsbury's to make ends meet． I do three night shifts a week， plus overtime if I can get it． Monday is the most occupied day for me ﹣﹣ I work from 10 pm until 8 am on Saturday and Sunday nights， earning just over ￡100 a night， and then I have to be at my first lecture at 9 am on Monday． By the time I finish lectures， at 2 pm， I'm exhausted， but I know I have to be back at work by 10 pm． I constantly have to force myself to stay awake， and to be alert， whatever it takes． A packet of Skittles and a Red Bull usually helps． The work I do at Sainsbury's is very physical
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