这就叫磁体的北极，通常用N表示。
2）She was the movie star who was going into business now.她是个影星，目前正在经商。 3）I have a niece, who studies in our university,too.我有一个侄女，也在我们这所大学里学习。 3.英语关系代词which转译成汉语人称代词或指示代词。
1）We have seen many chemical changes, from which physical changes are quite different. 我们见过许多化学变化，它们与物理变化截然不同。
2）That activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted.那项活动延期了，这正是我们所希望的。 3）Electronic computers, which make it possible to free man from the labour of complex measurements and computations, have found wide application in engineering.
电子计算机在工程技术上已获得广泛应用，它使人们可能摆脱复杂的测量和计算劳动。
三）合成译法
所谓合成译法，是指把原句中的被修饰语与定语从句合在一起译成一个独立的汉语句子的翻译方法。There be 结构就可以采取这种方法来翻译。一些带有限制性定语从句的英语复合句，如果英语中的主句能够压缩成汉语词组并用
作主语，那么定语从句就可译成谓语结构，从而构成一个独立句。
1.There is a man who follows behind you for long.有个人跟在你后面好长时间了。
2.We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own.我们的社会、政治制度在许多方面与你们的不同。
3.This is the production line that was established last year.这条生产线是去年建成的。 四）译成状语从句
有些定语从句从形式上看是定语，但在意义上与主句有着逻辑状语关系，起着主句的原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等状语的作用，翻译时应按照其语法功能，译成汉语各种相应的复句。 1.译成原因状语从句
1）The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an eletronic brain. 由于计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常常被称作电脑。
2）You must grasp the concept of “work” which is very important in physics. 你必须掌握―功‖的概念，因为它在物理学中很重要。 2.译成结果状语从句
1）She took Chinese medicine which relieve her symptoms.她服了中药，结果缓解了症状。 2）That Party developed an acute crisis of opportunism which almost destoryed the Party. 该党曾经发生了一次严重的机会主义危机，几乎使党遭到了灭顶之灾。 3.译成目的状语从句
1）The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to that shipwreck. 这位女记者想写篇文章，以便能够引起共众对那起沉船事件的注意。
2）They have built up a new college here, where students will be trained to be engineers and scientists. 他们在这里建了一所新大学，以培养科技人才。
4.译成条件状语从句
1）There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower.只要有坚强的意志，就没有什么坏习惯不能改掉。 2）Man become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们拼命想得到工作，不管什么工作，只要能维持一家人生活就行。 5.译成让步状语从句
1）Rockets, which have been widely used for missile propulsion, have many other application. 虽然火箭广泛地用于导弹推进，但它还有许多别的用途。
2）The scientist, who was dog-tired, went on with the experiment.那位科学家虽已精疲力竭，但还是继续进行实验。 1.A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 2.I told the interesting story to Susan, who told it to her sister.
3.There are many people who want to visit the Great Wall.
4.She did not remember anything about her father who died when she was a newborn baby.
5.I’ll try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary, which will enable me to translate scientific
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literature more exactly.
1.词典是解释词的意义的书。
2.我把这个有趣的故事告诉了苏珊，苏珊又告诉了她姐姐。 3.许多人都想去游览长城。
4.她刚出生没多久父亲就死了，所以记不起父亲的情况。
5.我要设法弄一本有锸图的技术名词词典，以便把科学文献译得更准确。
第十二章 衔接与翻译
（一）衔接的定义
衔接（cohension）是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。衔接（cohension）这个概念是由韩礼德于1962年首次提出的，后来他在与哈桑（Halliday & Hasan,1975）合著的《英语中的衔接》（Cohesion in English）一书中又把衔接届定为―存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的内在关系‖。 （二）衔接的分类
（三）英汉语衔接方式的差异
1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。英语语法比较严密，重―形合‖。因而，英语多用连接词语，而且这些连接词语出现频率也非常高，其中不仅包括连词and,or,but,副词 there for, hence, 关系代词或副词which, that, 还包括短语 in short, for example 等等，句子（分句）之间的连接由这些词语来实现。 而汉语则重―意合‖，即通过意义来连接而不一定要依赖连接词语。汉语中虽然也有一些连接词，但在表达中，人们常常表现出一种少用或不用连接词的趋势。
2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。汉语在表达上富有弹性，许多逻辑关系靠意义来表达，语法处于次要地位。汉语的省略只求达意，不考虑语法。汉语最常用的省略是主语的省略，谓语的省略较少。 英语中的省略多数伴随着形态或形式上的标记，可以从形式上看出，即借助时态标记或情态标记等语法手段将某些动词省略；而汉语则通过原词重复或其他词汇手段来表达意义。英语有词的曲折变化形式，所以名词性替代词有单复数形式的区别，动词性替代词有时态的形式变化。汉语替代的频率低于英语，往往用原词复现的方式来起衔接作用。
3.对英汉互译的启示。根据上述对比，在英汉互译的过程中，原文中的一些符合目的语语篇要求的衔接手段，在译文中可以保留，而对不符合目的语语篇要求的衔接手段，需要做适当的调整和转换，以便使译文连接自然。 The sacred cows in India are well known. Cows can go everywhere they want to in the street of India, and they can eat anything they want to from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologist believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the
farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.
印度尊崇牛为神物是众所周知的。在印度的街道上，牛爱上哪儿就上哪儿，它们可以在街上随意吃食物摊上的任何
东西。结果牛就成了一个问题。然而，在印度没有人会杀牛或吃牛肉。这么做是忌讳的。对别的民族来说这种风俗似乎很奇怪，但是人类学家相信这是有原因的。首先，印度农民需要牛来帮助耕地，所以牛很宝贵。其次，牛粪可以肥田。在印度，许多农民没钱买肥料。第三，牛粪晒干可以当柴火。因此，杀牛吃肉的农民很快就会发现他们再也没法耕地，也没有牛粪肥田或生火做饭了。 （四）词汇衔接
1.词汇衔接：指运用词语达到语篇衔接目的的手段。
2.同义衔接：指运用同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概况词等所构成的词汇链。
3.组合衔接：词语一旦进入语篇生成过程，它们便不再是一个个孤立的词语，它们的意义也不在是字典上所罗列的孤立的、静态的意义。词语的意义是不同词语组合的结果，是受不同的上下文，或者说语言语境的制约而生成的。语篇中的词语处于一种动态的组合状态中，它们的意义是相互紧密衔接的，这便是所谓的组合衔接。
Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books,the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters.Like the menfolk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do. But, when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the
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ones who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seemed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church.
上大学之前，我所认识的对艺术、音乐或文学感兴趣的人，爱读书的人，看上去优雅自在、安闲自得得人，统统都是做母亲和做女儿的。像男人一样，女人也为钱发愁，也省吃俭用，凑合度日。但是如果家里断了收入，问题并非出在她们身上。她们用不着去打仗，这在我看来是一桩幸事 (?)。跟做父亲的那种狭窄、紧张的生活相比，我觉得做母亲的日子过得比较宽松自在。她们上邻居家门，去城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂跑跑腿儿。 There is nothing in the high comedy of the world so admirably as the special department called Fame.
在这个极富色彩的人间喜剧舞台上，还没有什么能比作―名声‖的这一特别场景（剧目）更让人叹为观止。 …It is a very long time since I attended a Mass. In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing , with a crowd of real worshippers; and because of the shrine, those who come to church include the paralyzed, the crippled, the blind, the deformed, the dying, a terrible parade…
我已很久没做弥撒了。在这个万人朝拜的圣城，你能亲眼目睹到真正的场面，善男信女，蜂拥而至，又由于这里供着神龛，到教堂来做弥撒的人群中，有的半身不遂，有的瘸腿跛足，有的双目失明，有的肢缺体残，有的奄奄一息，这一行列，另人目不忍睹……
（五）照应（reference）
1.照应的定义：一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
2.照应的分类：
Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true? Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits ---and old sayings---die hard.
原译：谚语是前人传下来的宝贵财富，它们受人珍视并世代相传。我们认为那些洗练的警句概括了永恒的智慧，不过它们是否全是货真价实、字字珠玑呢？心理学家发现有的说得对，有的就不对。这种情况至今未变，说到底，你们知道它们讲的内容都是古老的习惯，陈旧的论调，一成不变的。
Proverbs--- these pithy phrases--- truisms---they--- they--- they
谚语--- 精炼的语句--- 谚语所表达的道理---这些道理--- 这些道理--- 谚语
改译：谚语是前人传下来的宝贵财富，它们受人珍视并世代相传。我们认为那些洗练的警句概括了永恒的智慧，不过它们是否全是货真价实、字字珠玑呢？心理学家发现有的说得对，有的就不对。然而，这些道理却仍被广为接受。说到底，还是谚语里那句老话：老习惯难除---老谚语还不是一样。
The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.
病人摇了摇头，把手向婴儿伸去。医生把孩子放到她怀里。她吻了吻孩子的前额。 ―But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavour to conceal it, he must find it out.‖ ―Perhaps he must ,if he sees enough of her.‖ ---Jane Auten: Pride and prejudice 译文1：
---―如果一个女人爱上了一个男人，而又不故意瞒着它的话，他一定会发现它的。‖ ---―如果他经常见到她的话，他或许会的。‖
译文2：
---―假如一个女人爱上了一位男子，只要她不着意隐瞒自己的感情，那位男子一定能察觉到。‖ ---―倘若双反接触频繁，他或许总能看得出来。‖ 六) 省略(ellipsis)
省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。省略是在简洁和清晰两者间的一种协调。它往往包括名词性省略（nominal ellipsis)、动词性省略(verbal ellipsis)和分句性省略(clausal ellipsis)。
Histories make men wise; poets [?] witty; the mathematics[?] subtle; natural philosophy[?] deep; moral[?] grave; logic and rhetoric[?] able to contend.
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as [?] by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship
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of books as well as [?] of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be [?] of books or [?] of men.
要了解一个人，可以看他交什么样的朋友，可以看他看什么样的书，因为有的人跟人交朋友，有的人跟书交朋友，但不管跟人交朋友还是跟书交朋友，都应该交好朋友。
(七) 替代（substitution）
替代指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。它分为名词性替代（nominal substitution）、动词性替代（verbal substitution）和分句性替代（clausal substitution）。
As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is ? but then who does? They see it, however,
as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue. 对于人的灵魂，爱斯基摩人没有说他们确切知道其为何物--- 可是又有谁能说清呢？但是他们把它视为生命的开端，是一个人全部活动的发起者，是生命延续所必需的能源。 小结衔接是语篇的重要特征，但衔接手段不是孤立地使用，它们与语篇的其它方面息息相关，相互合作，相互制约，共同发挥交际功能。
衔接现象出现在高于句子的级层之上，往往在原文分析和译文构建过程中被忽略或忽视。
源语语篇的衔接链像建筑物的钢筋一样将整个结构牢固地联系在一起，它的重要性毋庸置疑的。但这并不意味着译文必须死板地照搬原文的衔接方式。译者应该充分认识源语和译语在衔接方式上的异同，尊重和顺应译语语篇衔接规范，将源语语篇的衔接关系异工同曲地复制出来。
十三. 连贯与翻译
一、连贯的定义
连贯（coherence）是词语、小句、句群在概念、逻辑上合理、恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。连贯的语篇有一个内在的逻辑结构从头到尾贯通全篇，将所有概念有机地串接在一起，达到时空顺序明晰，逻辑推进层次分明的效果。连贯是将一个个词语、小句连成更大的语义结构的一种逻辑机制，连贯是交际成功的重要保证之一。 二、连贯与翻译
1.选词择义符合语篇的整体性。
1) Discipline means choices.Every time you say yes to a goal or objective, you say no to many more. Every prize has its price. The prize is the yes; the price is the no.
自律意味着有取有舍。每当你选取了一个目标，也就同时舍弃了其他许多目标。每项收获都要付出代价，所选取的就是收获，所舍弃的就是代价。
2)The chess board is the world, the pieces are the phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, just, and patient. But we also know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance.
世界是盘棋，万物就是棋子。弈棋规则即所谓的自然规律。我们的对手隐蔽不见。我们知道他下棋总是合理、公正、有耐心。但输了棋后我们才知道，他从不放过任何误棋，也决不原谅任何无知。
3) So when , at 17 , Marjorie fell in love with a poor medical student , the aunt promptly arranged to take her niece abroad. In the 90s, that was still standard technique. ( A.Abbot ,A True Story Haunted Him ) 这样 ,马乔里在 17 岁那年爱恋上了一个学医的穷学生以后 ,她姑母立即就筹谋让她到国外去。在19 世纪末叶 ,这仍旧是拆散情人所采用的典型办法。 2.语序的调整要符合目标语的逻辑。
1）Before long, plastic may transform its image from eco-villain to environment hero,thanks to
“smart”plastics now in development. These could allow vehicles to eliminate ozone-depleting emissions and help windows store and make use of the sun’s heat. Perhaps by then, the name itself will morph from a pejorative jab into a genuine complement.
目前，“智能”塑料正在开发之中，这种材料不仅能消除汽车排放的破坏臭氧的废气，还可以让窗户储存和利用太阳的热量。不久的将来，塑料的形象将从生态魔鬼摇身一变为环保英雄。也许到那时，塑料一词的含义将从恶意的挖苦转成真正的赞美。
2) President Jimmy Carter noted that inflation is the cruelest tax that every one can pay. Many people agree with
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