4.增加适当主语以便译文更流畅
1）To explore the moon’s surface, rockets were launched again and again.为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
2）Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 3) It is well known that smoking is harmful to the health.众所周知，吸烟对人体有害。 二）被动结构转换为无主句
1) The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。 2) Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到采取防腐措施。
3) Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding. 用机械加工方法，特别是磨削方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。
三）保持被动语态
1.译成―被……‖或―给……‖结构
1) If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即开工。
2) He was seen to steal the bike.他偷自行车给人家看到了。 3) She was fired for incompetence.她因不胜任工作而被解雇了。 2.译成―遭……‖或―受……‖结构
1）She was set upon by two masked men.她遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。 2) Everyone was fed up with her gossip.人人都受够了她的流言蜚语。
3) The region was visited by the worst drought in twenty years.这个地区遭受到了二十年来最严重的旱灾。 3.译成―为……所‖结构
1）Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with sense of decency.这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。 2) All the building were destroyed in a big fire.所有的建筑物均为一场大火所焚毁。
3）Only a small part of the sun’s energy reaching the earth is used by us.传到地球的太阳能只有一小部分为我们所利用。 四）译成其他结构
1）The villege is populated by about 1300 famers.这个村里住着1300农民。 2) Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.大多数树木冬天要落叶。
3) The news was passed on by word of mouth.众口相传，消息已不胫而走。
4）She was delivered of a boy.她生了一个男孩。
5) He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。 6）She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。 7）He has been wedded to translation.他与翻译结下了不解之缘。 8）She did not wish to be troubled.她不愿找麻烦。 Exercises
1.Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earth’s crust. 2.The project was completed ahead of schedule.
3.It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.
4.The decision to invest heavily in an enterprise was not taken lightly.
5.Nonverbal communication, particularly touch, plays a large role in satisfying personal needs. Children need touch as a demonstration that they are cared for and loved. In times of stress and anxiety, you will stroke your arms or neck as a way of soothing yourself.
1.许多盆地都是由于地壳陷落而形成的。 2.这个项目提前完工了。
3.有人认为，生物气候学生一门复杂的学科。
4.对一个企业进行大量投资的决定不会轻易作出。
非语言交流，尤其是触摸，在满足个人需要方面有着十分重要的作用。孩子们需要通过触摸来感受关爱。在紧张焦虑的时候，你会抚摸自己的胳膊或脖子来进行自我安慰。 Passage Translation
As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a
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geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, ―drilling rig‖ is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called ―a derrick‖. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valve. 参考译文
由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定石油的有无。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装―钻机‖。钻机中最显眼的部件叫―井架‖。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中。当孔钻成时，放钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如果发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，让石油通过一系列阀门流出。
第八章 分译法
分译法是指为了使译文行文合乎译入语表达习惯而将原文中个别的词、词组或句子分解开来单独译成一句或数句的方法。
1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是无可非议的。
2）That district was a very apparent hot-spot.那个地区是个麻烦的地方，这是显而易见的。 3）His informality impressed me deeply.不拘礼节，这是他给我留下的深刻印象。 2.把短语译成句子
1）There are many kinds of atoms, differing in both mass and properties.原子种类很多，质量与性质都不相同。
2）Energy can neither be created nor destroyed , a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造，也不能被消灭，这是一条公认的规律。
3）she fell asleep with the lamp burning.灯还亮着，她就睡着了。
3.把一句译成两句或数句
1）It is quite certain that mankind will eventually solve the riddle of AIDS.人类最终必将解开艾滋病之谜，这一点是可以肯定的。
2）I am at a loss what I ought to say on that occasion.在那种场合该说些什么话，这实在是叫我一筹莫展。
3）He smiled at that ,with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify. 听了这话，他笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，含情脉脉。这种感情她不敢认同。
1.Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
2.It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere. 3.Both peaks are majestically towering high mountains and are blessed with paradise status, or in Chinese Shangri-la. 4.They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
5.Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a woman, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
1.她期待着会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这是不合情理的事。
2.氧是大气中最活跃的元素，这是不言而喻的。
3.两座名山高耸入云，蔚为壮观，被誉为人间天堂，汉语里称为―香格里拉‖。 4.他们没有作出任何反应，这是不足为奇的。
5.伊丽莎白不肯和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无礼，十分令人反感。
第九章 合译法
合译法是指把原文中两个或两个以上的句子以及一句中的某些部分合并在一起翻译的方法。 1.She is very busy at home. She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. 她在家里忙得不可开交，既要照料孩子，又要下厨房。
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2.He was very honest. He was open-hearted.他为人诚实而坦率。
3.She had to go back home to look after her husband. He was confined to his bed. 她只好回家去照料身卧病榻的丈夫。 .把重复表达的部分合译成一个句子成分
1）Barbados is a relatively young country, a small country in North America.巴巴多斯是一个比较年轻的北美小国。 2）Water is not only the most common liquid in the world, but it is also the most important.水是世界上最普通、最重要的液体。
3.把复合句译成简单句
1）I am blest if I know.我一点儿也不知道。
2）He felt free to do as he wished.他想怎么做就怎么做。
1.It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end.
2.Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a pilot in the air force.
3.There are people here from all over the country. Many of them are from the North. 4.He had a small business in the city of Qingdao. This city is a seaport in Shangdong. 5.There is a man downstares who wants to see you. 1.1945年4月，第二次世界大战已经接近尾声。
2.她的父亲，一位前空军飞行员，当上了这个城市的市长。 3.我们这儿从全国各地来的人中有不少是北方人。 4.他曾在山东的海港城市青岛做过小生意。 5.楼下有人要见你。
第十章 具体译法和抽象译法
一 具体译法
所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象、含蓄或朦胧的词语用具体、明确的词语来进行翻译，从而使译文通顺、流畅。
1.We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water.我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
2.All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
3.If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemy’s plans in the bud.如果我们迅速进攻，可以把敌人的计划消灭在萌芽状态。
4.The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.对大多数去北京的外国游客，万里长城是必不可少的参观游览项目。
5.As Albert Einstein once said, “ Life for the American is always becoming , never being.‖正如埃尔波特·爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：― 对美国人来说，生活总是变化不息，而从来不会原地踏步。‖
二 抽象译法
抽象译法就是为了译文的通顺、流畅，把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的词语进行抽象化处理。
1.Henry knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.亨利知道不论境遇如何，他都可把家庭作靠山。 2.What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.少时所学，到老不忘。
3.I was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 4.The matter was finally settled under the table.事情终于私下解决了。
5.He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。 Exercises(1) （抽象→具体）
1.we were all greatly moved by his loftiness.
2.His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. 3.The dancing hall was filled with gayety. 4.There had been too much violence in that region.
5.Between her agitation and her natural awkwardness in getting out of the cart, Peggotty was making a most extraordinary festoon of herself but I felt too blank and trance to tell her. 1.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深打动。
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2.他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。 3.舞厅充满了欢乐气氛。
4.那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。
5.坡沟提下车时心烦意乱，再加上她本来就笨手笨脚的，所以她把身子弄得歪扭曲折，成了样子挺特别的彩绸了。不过，我当时心里一片茫然，满怀诧异，顾不得跟她说这个。 Exercises(2) （具体→抽象）
1.I will break my neck to get this done by Friday.
2.By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband. 3.The society held its meeting behind closed doors. 4.I have no head for music.
5.Please don’t wake a sleeping dog.
1.我会尽最大努力在星期五以前完成这项工作。 2.她用这种手段离间这对夫妻。 3.这个社团秘密开会。 4.我没有音乐方面的天赋。 5.请不要惹是生非。
第十一章 定语从句的翻译
定语从句通常可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切；非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作用，只对它加以叙述、描写或解释，并用逗号与之隔开。因此针对不同类型的定语从句，要有灵活多样的翻译方法。
（一）前置译法
限制性定语从句往往要译成―……的‖这种句型的前置定语结构，因为限制性定语从句与所修饰的词关系密切，若分
开译则会影响主句意思的完整。也有一些非限制性定语从句，或因结构较短，或因与被修饰词关系密切，或因拆译后将会造成译文结构松散，在这种情况下也可以译成前置定语结构。
1.This is the reservoir that we built after the flood last year. 这就是去年洪水过后我们修建的水库。
2.People who cannot distinguish between colours are said to be colour-blinded.分不清颜色的人是色盲。 3.Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
4.Our two countries are neighbours whose friendship is of long standing.我们两国是有着悠久友谊的邻邦。 5.My brother’s laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.我哥哥富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。 6.Last night we saw a good movie, which was about the history of the Second World War. 昨晚，我们看了一部关于第二次世界大战历史的好电影。 二) 后置法
后置法在非限制性定语从句翻译中使用得比较普遍。有些限制性定语从句结构相对比较复杂，译成汉语前置定语则显得太长，而且不符合汉语表达习惯，在这种情况下往往也可以译成后置的并列分句，作进一步的连贯叙述。 1.重复英语关系代词所代表的含义，必要时还需加译一些代词或连词。 1）Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot , glowing gas. 日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热、发光的气体。
2）Mechanical energy is changed into electric eergy, which in turn is changed into mechanical energy. 机械能转变成为电能，而电能又反过来转变成为机械能。
3）He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings them those aims within the reach of a majority of the human race. 他把自己非凡的才智和不倦的精力无私地奉献给了这种斗争，这种斗争今天已经使人类中的大多数人可以达到这些目标。
2.省略英语关系代词或关系副词所代表的含义，必要时还需加译一些代词或连词。 1) It is called the north pole of the magnet which is usually marked N.
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