翻译理论与实践复习资料 应英081班 痞子
第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则
一、翻译的定义
1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flaver.( Columbia Encyclopedia )2. Translating consists in reproducing in the recepter language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼 2003：6 ）
二、翻译的原则
1. Yan Fu (1854-1921) In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize “faithfulness”! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance. (译事三难，信，达，雅。求其信已大难矣！顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉)
Faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text.
Expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. Elegance means the translated text should keep the style of the original.
① Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war。那场战争中日本军队屠杀了 成百上千无辜的平民
②Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction. ――作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反．
③We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement. ――我们都会想念他的，我们祝愿他退休后快乐、长寿．
④ For never was a story of more woe Than this of Juliet and her Romeo. 古往今来多少离合悲欢,谁曾见这样的哀怨辛酸！
⑤ Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them , won by observation.
――有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之．
2. Fu Lei (1908-1966)
In the case of the effect, translating is like painting from a copy what to desire and get is not alike in appearance but in spirit.(以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。) ① From there I could see the whole valley below, the field, the river , and the villege. It was all beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.
――从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流、村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往． ② He carried on a business , but brought his pigs to the wrong market. ――他经营生意，可是几乎血本无归． 3.Qian Zhongshu
Theory of Huajing: The highest standard of literary translation is “Hua” (化)(digestion), when a translator converts a language into another one, his or her version can completely keep the original flavor as well as show no signs of stiff word-for-word translation because of the conventional differentiation of language and culture.（文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。）
① Capri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace. It is friendly, remote, and debonair.
卡普里岛是一块外形突兀的荒凉的岩石，沐浴在深蓝色的海洋里，但是它的葱绿的葡萄园仿佛在向人微笑，使这个海
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岛增添了几分令人舒爽的温柔宁静的姿色，卡普里岛远离尘嚣，但景色宣人，生机盎然。 ② The young people were all in high favour, especially Alice, whose sweet face and temper would have endeared her to the devil himself, but there was much shaking of heads over her handsome husband, Peter, who had a hot eye for a fine leg, as Matty put it, and was apt to put an arm round the kitchen girls if he had the chance.
仆人们对家里年轻的主人都充满好感，特别对艾丽丝更是如此。她的脸蛋长得甜甜，脾气又特别随和，就是魔鬼见了她也会喜欢。但谈起她那位英俊的丈夫——彼得，许多仆人是摇头的，玛蒂形容说，他见了女人标致的大腿，眼睛就会色迷迷的，如果逮着机会还会去搂一把年轻厨娘的腰。 4. Alexander Fraser Tytler
(1)A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. (3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
① You country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the people who struggle against terrorism. ――贵国一直坚定地站在反恐怖主义的前列． ② It is the champion of apartheid.
――它是导致种族隔离的罪魁祸首
③A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts. ――千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容．
④ Being invited to dance, she would not very well refuse. ――有人请她跳舞，她不好意拒绝．
5. Eugen A. Nida
(1) Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language.(Nida and Taber: The Theory and practice of Translation: 1969; 24)
(2)The reader of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of text must have understood and appreciated it 。Nida: Language, Culture and Translating, 1993; 118
①Poison (a name of cosmetic)――百爱神②Coca-Cola――可口可乐③ 《半夜鸡叫》 A Cock Crying at Midnight 6. Peter Newmark
(1)The main functions of language are expressive (the subjective or ‘I’ form), the descriptive or informative (the ‘it’ form) and the vocative or directive or persuasive (the ‘you’ form), the minor functions being the phatic, the metalingual and the aesthetic. All texts have aspects of the expressive, the informative and the vocative function
(2)Semantic translation is used for ‘expressive’ texts, communicative for ‘informative’ and ‘vocative’ texts.
(3)Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. ①迎客时说：路上辛苦了．――Did you enjoy your trip? ②请客时说：没什么菜，随便吃．――Help yourself.
7. Vermeer and Nord:
(1) Skopos: The translation purpose justifies the translation process?the end justifies the means. (2) The viability of the brief depends on the circumstances of the target culture, not on the source culture. (3) One of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the addressee. (4) A text is made meaningful by the receiver and for the receiver.
① Red Star Over China——《西行漫记》 ②While facing foreign pressure, China was also weakened by social unrest which resulted from a great increase in population and inadequate farmland. This led to peasant uprisings. The Taiping Rebellion. The most serious
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one was the Taiping Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan. The rebellion was one of the most destructive unrest in history, taking as many as 30 million lives. ?
中国面临外患的同时，又因人口大增而耕地不足，引发社会动荡，国力减弱，农民起义此起彼伏。其中最重要的一次是洪秀全领导的太平天国运动。这是历史上规模最大的一次农民起义，三千万人为之付出了生命。??
第一章 翻译的定义与翻译原则练习
1.Loving God, we ask for your strength and guidance for those we love. Help us always to remember how important it is to pray for them. Amen.译文：兹爱的主啊，请指引我们所爱的人，给他们以力量，让我们永远记住要为他们祈祷。阿门。分析：这是人们对上帝的祈祷词，文体十分庄重，严肃和正规
2. Let me tell you something . If you are not there in two fucking seconds, when I’m done with them, you are the next. 译文：你听好了，你两秒钟之内不给我过去，等我收拾完他们，我就收拾你。或你听着，你在他妈的两秒钟之内…… 分析：生活中的口语体，语气非常随便，正规程度很低。
3. All the way along the line, from the border right up to Peking, as far as the eye could see, the countryside was literally covered up with a green carpet of growing crops, holding a promise of bumper harvest.译文：从边境乘火车直上北京，一路上极目四望，但见一片片农作物茁壮生长，仿佛绿色的地毯覆盖着整个田野乡间，到处是丰收在望的景象． 分析：抒情散文。（语篇） 4. To Whom It May Concern
This is to certify that Mr. Charles Dondon has been employed in our office for the past five years. He is well acquatinted with book-keeping. He has faithfully attended to his duties and proved himself thoroughly reliable. Any requires regarding him will be answered by.
Yours sincerely, Edwin Halleck Manager
译文：敬启者：
兹证明查理斯，杜登先生曾在我们部门任职五年，擅长簿记，忠于职责，诚实可靠，如欲了解其情况，乐于奉告。 经理 埃德温 哈勒克
5.Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 译文：我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地。分析：奈达：最贴切、自然。
6.Opportunity knocks but once.译文：机不可失，时不再来分析：奈达，最贴切、自然。
7.If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.译文：如果你是男子，你可以指出，大数诗人和科学家都是男性的，如果你是妇女，你可以反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男人。分析：纽马克，反映作者意图。
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8. black tea 译文：红茶。分析：中西思维方式不同。 9.brown sugar.译文：红糖 分析：中西思维方式不同。
10.Tom was beaten black and blue. 译文：汤姆被打成青一块，紫一块 分析：中西思维方式不同。
11.The old man’s heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.译文：一见到这颗珍珠，老人的心高兴得仿佛就要跳出来了 分析：思维不同，转换表达法。(Cowley)
12.You are a lucky dog. 译文：你是一位幸运儿。分析：Toury, 适应目标语文化。 13.His wife is a lioness.译文：他的太太是只母老虎。分析：Toury 14. He is as timid as a rabbit.译文：他胆小如鼠。分析：Toury
15.They sat together on the sofa, overcome by each other’s presence, beyond all except fragmentary endearment. 他俩在沙发上坐在一起，由于重逢而激动得什么话也说不出来，只是时而迸出几个表示亲热的词儿。
第二章 文化与翻译
一、什么是文化？ What is culture?
We have now over 300 definitions about culture according to the book Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions by kroeber and kluckhohn.
In the west the concept of culture was first explicitly defined in 1871 by Edward B. Tylor, the founder of cultural anthropology in Britain. In his Primitive Culture, he laid down this definition.
Culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Culture refers to the total way of life of a people.
二、文化与翻译的关系The relationship between culture and translation
1. Language is the carrier and container of culture.
2. Culture is the soil that language exists. There would be no language if there were no culture, different languages produce different cultures.
3. Language is the means of translation, without language there would be no translation. Translation begins with language and the translators’ way of thinking is embodied in language, different languages reflect different cultures and different ways of thinking, and the translations read by the readers are written in language.
4. Translating is regarded as an intercultural activity. Translation has been instrumental in transmitting culture. Language and culture are interwoven and they are closely linked. 三、文化意象
Mode of image shift
When translating English into Chinese, words or expressions are of the same reference but are of different associative meanings. The Image shift should be made. 1. Reproducing the same image in the TL
If the image conveys the same association in the two languages, it can result in the same understanding of the two language readers. So in translation, if we reproduce the same image in the target language, the target text can achieve the aesthetic and expressive affects.
a) Walls have ears 隔墙有耳。
b) She has a heart as hard as flint.她生来一副铁石心肠。 c) It was packed like a tin of sardines.挤得象一听沙丁鱼。
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