___________________ is the most prominent trade bloc of developing countries. A) MERCOSUR B) NAFTA C) LAFTA D) WTO 20
When a country imposes economic sanctions in the form of discriminatory restrictions on economic exchanges with a specific country, those economic sanctions are called: A) an embargo. B) import tariffs. C) national product standards. D) rules of origin.
第十三章 1
Which of the following explains what led to the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol? A) Scientific evidence strongly supported the connection between CFC and ozone problems. B) Substitutes for CFCs are fairly easy to produce and can be used in place of CFCs in most applications. C) The world's largest users of CFCs were also the countries likely to suffer the most consequences caused by CFCs. D) All of the above led to the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol. 2
Developing nations would not agree at Kyoto in 1997 to: A) lift all of their trade barriers. B) limit greenhouse gas emissions. C) switch all import quotas to tariffs. D) stop the production of CFCs. 3
In Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia, elephant herds: A) are too large and need an approved sustainable development plan. B) are almost completely depleted. C) are threatened by development pressures from agriculture. D) are unprotected by the domestic governments' poorly enforced conservation plan. 4
Which of the following is often foregone in an effort to promote economic development in poorer
countries? A) Clean air. B) Clean water. C) Enforcement of environmental laws. D) All of the above are foregone in poorer countries in pursuit of economic growth. 5
The property rights approach to pollution often does not solve international pollution disputes because: A) private property goes best with free trade. B) it is difficult to determine the sources of pollution. C) there is no international authority to enforce penalties for polluting. D) there is no real international concern about pollution. 6
Externalities lead to sub-par performance of a market, therefore: A) government policies intended to offset the effects of externalities are often ineffective. B) only private initiatives can overcome the sub-par performance of the market. C) government policies to enhance the efficiency of the market can be justified. D) markets are at the mercy of externalities. 7
If economic activities produce significant amounts of domestic pollution, A) the costs will be shifted to foreign consumers of good goods that are exported to foreign countries. B) the cost of the pollution falls almost entirely on the people within the country producing the pollution. C) the industries in the country where the pollution is produced will bear the costs of that pollution. D) free trade will offset the domestic costs of that pollution and the country producing the pollution will not suffer as a result of the pollution. 8
Fish stocks have been depleted worldwide because: A) pollution has killed them. B) property rights in fisheries are not well-defined which has lead to overfishing. C) fish are subject to numerous diseases. D) CITES does not apply to fish. 9
Which of the following is NOT a standard used by the WTO when it permits an environmental exception for national rules that limit imports of products produced using processes that harm the environment? A) The rules must be applied equally to domestic producers and to all foreign exporting
firms. B) The rules must demonstrably assist in pursuing a legitimate environmental goal, and they must limit trade as little as possible. C) The rules must connect directly to efforts to save a nearly extinct species. D) The country imposing the rules should be engaged in negotiations with other involved countries to establish a multilateral agreement to address the environmental issue. 10
Which of the following countries decided not to be bound by the Kyoto Protocol? A) United States. B) Canada. C) France. D) Japan. 11
Trade barriers related to agricultural products lead to: A) more efficient agricultural practices and reduced pollution effects. B) excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers as protected farmers seek to increase production. C) a broader market for agricultural products and technological advances in agricultural practices. D) retaliation for other countries, reduced production, and a resulting decrease in pollution for agricultural activities. 12
The cost to firms of meeting environmental protection requirements in a country are usually relatively minor, even in countries with stringent environmental regulations, so: A) the incentive to relocate to countries with less stringent environmental protection requirements is usually small. B) most firms will do almost anything to avoid having to invest in pollution control measures to meet those requirements. C) the WTO is aggressive in requiring firms to meet national environmental regulations. D) countries with less stringent environmental regulations are able to entice firms away from countries with more stringent environmental regulations. 13
The higher the income in a country, the more pressure there is on the government of that country to: A) relax environmental regulations so that production can increase. B) insist that other countries relax their environmental controls. C) enact more stringent environmental protection regulations. D) limit imports from countries that have strict anti-pollution policies. 14
A significant aspect of global warming that has stalled international efforts to address the issue is: A) most industrialized countries do not believe that global warming is a threat to the environment. B) harm from global warming is abstract, the costs of addressing global warming are substantial, and unilateral action will be ineffective. C) global warming has advanced to the state that there is no solution to halt global warming. D) most industrialized countries believe that it is up to developing countries to address the problem. 15
As the world moves toward freer trade: A) production of capital- and skill-intensive products expands in industrialized countries and shrinks in developing countries. B) worldwide pollution becomes less of a problem because production becomes more efficient. C) international organizations such as the WTO are better able to address the problems created by pollution. D) most environmental problems become worse. 16
As a result of the Uruguay Round, product standards to protect the health and safety of the population of a particular country: A) are illegal. B) can only be imposed in response to specific injuries that have occurred. C) are not controlled by the WTO. D) must have a scientific basis. 17
A(n) ____________________ exists when an activity brings direct losses to people who are not involved in the decision to conduct that activity. A) internal cost B) external benefit C) external cost D) monopoly 18
Where there are market distortions, a competitive market, in the absence of government policy, results in: A) either too much or too little of an activity that is good for the market. B) equilibrium which balances supply and demand. C) an imbalance in which demand exceeds supply and creates shortages. D) an imbalance in which supply exceeds demand and creates surpluses.