ⅰ.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类
ⅱ.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。 ⅲ.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语 系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。 ⅳ. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点 Ⅳ.(10分) 考试内容：
ⅰ.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类 ⅱ.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类 ⅲ.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类
ⅳ.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类 Ⅴ. 名词解释 (10分)： Ⅵ. 简答题 (12分)：
ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意
义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。 ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题， 如:Affected Meaning 名词 解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it.
ⅲ.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子 Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。 二. 串讲内容： Introduction 部分：
Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.
Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:
1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography 研究lexicology 的两大方法:
1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学 2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学 e.g. wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？ Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization 第一章部分： What is word ? 词具有哪些特点？
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language; 2) A sound unity or a given sound ; 3) a unit of meaning;
4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释 词的分类（classification of a word）
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？ 1) simple words 2) complex words 单音节词例子：
e.g. Man and fine are simple 多音节词例子：
e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail
management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mail
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing. e.g. dog. cat
2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.
What is relationship between sound and form?
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English 3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.
What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?
1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.
2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.
3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 要记住以上四句话中的关键词： 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scribes 4) borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？ e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。 What is vocabulary?
Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,
a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考) What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria :
1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin
By use of frequency 可划分为： 1) The basic word stock
2) Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion 可划分为： 1) Content word 2) Functional word
Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称) Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称)
Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability
According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
What are the characteristics of basic word stock? 1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability
要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词 稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？ e.g. man, woman , fire, water … e.g. machine, video, telephone … e.g. bow, chariot , knight
Stability is relative, not absolute.
根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？ 1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 2) Jargon
e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang
e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot
e.g. persuader
5) Dialectal words
e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood) 6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 7) Neologisms
e.g. email ( Neologisms )
beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ? Answer : Content words What is native words?
Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.
(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words.
(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 什么叫borrowed words?
Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. (2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary
(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 什么叫Denizens?
Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well
assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).
‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫Translation-loans ?
Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫Semantic-loans ?
words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was