【30】To put it another way, she was sweet-tempered (作评论性状语) 换句话说,她性格好
【31】He went to Beijing to study in 1988. 一九八八年他去北京学习。 【32】He went to Paris to learn French. 他去巴黎学法文。
【33】We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training our ears.
我们经常听广播,以便加强听力训练。
【34】In order to learn acupuncture,she practiced on herself every day.
为了学习针灸,她每天在自己身上试验。(注意in order to可放在句首) 【35】We must have good soil so as to grow roses. 种玫瑰花要有好的土壤。 【36】To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.
要成为好的教师一定要有好的教学方法。 【37】To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves. 为了保卫祖国,我们必须自强不息。
【38】My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.
我的祖母活到亲眼看到我的小女儿出生。 【39】A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.
几年后他回到家里,发现故乡的面貌很大的改变了。
【40】He is too young to join the army. 他太年轻了,不能参军。 【41】It was too cold,to go out last night. 昨晚太冷,无法出去。
【42】I went to see him only to find him out. 我去看他,不料他出去了。
【43】I hurried to the post office,only to find it was closed. 我匆忙赶到邮局,不料已经关门了。
(七)动词不定式(to do )与疑问词连用的,作主语;宾语;表语;同位语 【1】I do not know what to do next (作know 宾语) 我不知道下一步该如何做? 【2】He taught us how to use the computer (作us 的宾语补足语)
他教我们如何使用这台电脑
【3】It is still a question how to get there (作句子主语)如何到达那里仍然是个问题
【4】Where to go has not been decided (作句子主语)去哪里还没有决定
【5】I do not know how to translate this sentence into English (作 know宾语)
我不知道如何翻译这个句子为英文
【6】The question is how to act (作表语)问题是如何行动
【7】How to solve the problem remains to be discussed (作句子主语) 如何解决这个问题仍然有待讨论
【9】I am still wondering what time to set off / start tomorrow (作宾语)
我仍然想知道明天什么时候出发
【10】The question is when to set up a school computer center (表语)
问题是什么时候建立学校电脑中心
【11】What concern me most is whom to depend on (表语) 最让我关心的是该依靠谁
【12】Many people are thinking of how to try their luck ,that is ,how to earn their bread (前面宾语,后同位语) 很多人都在想,如何碰他们运气,那就是如何赚到他们的面包
【13】When to start has not been decided. (作主语) 何时动身尚未决定。 【14】They told her where to find her little brother. (作宾语) 他们告诉她到哪里找她的小弟弟。
【15】The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise. (作宾语) 老师教学生如何做练习。
【16】He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation. (作介词的宾语)
他对如何提高英语语音想得很多。
(八)动词不定式(to do 动词不定式时态 (1)一般式:(表示动作与谓语动词表示动作同时发生;或在谓语动词之后发生)
【1.1】I heard her play the piano (同时发生) 我听见她拉了小提琴
【1.2】Would you help me clean the classroom ?(同时发生) 你能帮我打扫这个教室吗?
【1.3】She determined to study hard (发生在谓语动词之后) 她决定努力学习 【1.4】The boy wanted to be an engineer (发生在谓语动词之后)这个男孩想成为一个工程师
(2)现在进行式:(动词不定式所表示动作正在发生,且与谓语动词表示动作同时发生)
【2.1】I am glad to be working with you (同时发生) 我很高兴和你一起工作 【2.2】They are asked to be building a new hotel here (同时发生)
他们被要求在附近修建一个新的酒店
【2.3】The boy pretended to be studying hard when his father came back (同时发生)
当他父亲回来时,这个男孩假装努力学习,
(3)完成式:(动词不定式所表示动作发生在谓语动作所表示动作之前,已实现完成行为) 【3.1】I am sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time (发生在谓语动作之前完成)
很抱歉,让你等了这么长时间
【3.2】He pretended not to have seen me (发生在谓语动作之前完成) 他假装没有看见过我
【3.3】I am so sorry to have given you so much trouble (发生在谓语动作之前完成)
很抱歉,给你添了这么多麻烦
【3.4】She seems to have read the book before. (to have read发生在seems所表示的时间之前)
她好像看过这本书。
【3.5】The battery appears to have run down. (to have run down发生在appears所
表示时间之前)
这组电池好像已经用完了。
(九)动词不定式(to do )动词不定式被动语
(1)动词不定式一般式(当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承
受者,且动作尚未发生或者将来发生,即用不定式一般式被动语态结构to be done)
The bridge to be built will be the longest one on the river (不定式一般式被
动语态作定语)
将要被修建的那座桥将是该河上最长的一座桥
(2)动词不定式一完成式(当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的
承受者,且动作已经发生并完成生,即用不定式完成式的被动语态结构to have been done )
The house is said to have been built for five years(不定式完成式式被动语态作主语补足语)
该房子据说已经修建了5年时间了
(3)有些动词如blame, compare, let, overcome, seek 等,用主动语态表示被动意义
The house is to let =to be done (此物出租:用主动表示被动) There are many difficulties to overcome =to be overcome (要客服困难很多;主动表示被动)
(4)当用作定语的不定式逻辑是句子主语时,一般用主动语态的不定式表示被动意义
We found the text hard to understand =we found the text hard for us to understand
(we 不定式逻辑主语)
=we found it hard to understand the text =we found it is hard for us to understand the text .我们发现该课文非常难理解
第二节 :动名词基本概念和形式:
(一)动名词(Gerund) 是非限定性动词的一种,因此它具有非限定性动词的
特点;其动名词的形式为: 动词原形+ing ;doing 。动名词具有动词和名词形容词的特点,可带有宾语和自状语以及自己可以作句子宾语和主语、表语
(1)动名词具有“名词”特点 在句中作主语用法
【1】Getting everything ready in time will be difficult (动名词作主语)
即使准备一切事情是困难的
=it will be difficult getting everything ready in time (动名词作主语,其
中IT 作形式主语)
【2】Reading aloud is important in learning a foreign language (动名词作主语)
大声朗读对学习一门外语是非常重要的
=it is important reading aloud in learning a foreign language (动名词作主语,其中IT 作形式主语)
【3】It is no good leaving today's work for tomorrow (动名词作主语,其中IT 作形式主语)
将今天工作留到明天完成是没有用的
【4】Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 试验没有成功也比不试验好。
【5】Looking down on women is feudal ideology. 轻视妇女是封建意识。 【6】It's no use over splitting milk. 牛奶打翻了哭也没有用。(作无益的后悔没有用)
【7】Getting up early is a good habit. 起早是个好习惯。(动名词getting up作主语)
★ It is no use +动名词 (用不着......没有用) ★ It is no good +动名词(....没有好处) ★ It is unless +动名词(.....没有用) ★ It is worth +动名词(值得...)
(以上都是动名词作主语,其中IT 作形式主语)
(2)用物主代词(名词所有格)+动名词复合结构 作主语
【1】Your going there will help a lot (动名词复合结构作主语) 你到那里将对事情大有帮助 【2】Their coming to help us was a great encouragement to us (复合结构作主语)
他们来支援对我们来说是很大鼓舞
(备注:在动名词复合结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是这一动名词动作的发出者,即动名词的逻辑主语)
(3)用物主代词/名词所有格/宾格+动名词复合结构作宾语
【1】Do you mind my /me /Tom smoking here? 你介意 我/汤姆在这里抽烟吗?
【2】My /Tom’s smoking here annoyed him 我/汤姆在这里抽烟让他感到很烦恼
【3】Please excuse my interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你。
(my interrupting you作excuse的宾语) 【4】Do you mind my smoking? 我可以抽烟吗? (my smoking作mind的宾语)
(4)动名词具有“名词”和”形容词“特点 在句中作表语用法 【1】His hobby is collecting stamps 他的爱好是集邮
【2】Reading is learning ,and applying is also learning 阅读就是学习,应用也是学习
【3】Your task is cleaning all the windows in the classroom 你的任务是把教室所有窗户擦干净 【4】The duty of doctors is keeping people heathy and fit 医生的职责是让人们