2HgCl2 + SO2 + 2H2O = Hg2Cl2¡ý + 2HCl + H2SO4
¢Û Hg (¢ò)Éú³ÉÎȶ¨ÅäºÏÎï»òÄÑÈÜÎïʱ£¬Hg(¢ñ) ¡úHg(¢ò)
Hg22++ 2OH- = HgO¡ý+ Hg¡ý+ H2O Hg22+ + H2S = HgS¡ý+ Hg¡ý + 2H+ Hg22+ + 4I- = HgI42- + Hg¡ý
£¨2£© 2 Cu+ = Cu2+ + Cu ¿É¼ÓÈëCu+Àë×ӵijÁµí¼ÁʹƽºâÏò×óÒÆ
Àý£ºCu2+ + Cu + 2Cl- = 2CuCl
£¨3£©Hg2+ + Hg = Hg22+ ¿É¼ÓÈëHg2+Àë×ӵijÁµí¼ÁʹƽºâÏò×óÒÆ
Àý£ºHg22+ + H2S = HgS + Hg + 2H+
Hg2?2OH2???Hg??HgO??H2O
Hg2Cl2?2NH3?Hg(NH2)Cl??Hg??NH4Cl
22-15CuCl2©pAgCl©pHg2Cl2 ¶¼ÊÇÄÑÈÜÓÚË®µÄ°×É«·ÛÄ©£¬ÊÔÇø±ðÕâÈýÖÖ½ðÊôÂÈ»¯Îï¡£
½â£ºÊ×ÏÈ·Ö±ð¼ÓÈëNH3?H2O°±Ë®£¬ÈܽâΪÎÞÉ«ÈÜÒºµÄÊÇAgCl£»ÏÈÈܽâΪÎÞÉ«ÈÜÒº£¬È»ºó±äΪÀ¼É«ÈÜÒºµÄÊÇCuCl£»³Áµí²»ÈÜ£¬×ª±äΪ»ÒÉ«³ÁµíµÄÊÇHg2Cl2¡£ AgCl + 2NH3 = Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl-
CuCl + 2NH3 = Cu(NH3)2+ + Cl-
4Cu(NH3)2+ + O2 + 8NH3 + 2H2O = 4Cu(NH3)42+ + 4OH-
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH3 = Hg¡ýºÚ + HgNH2Cl¡ý°× + NH4Cl
22-16 ÊÔ¶óÒªÁгöÕÕÏàÊõÖеĻ¯Ñ§·´Ó¦¡£
16¡¢½â£ºÕÕÏàʱ£ºµ×ƬÉÏAgBr¸Ð¹â£¬AgBr½ºÌåÀï±»¹â·Ö½â³ÉÒøºË£º
??Ag + Br? AgBr? ÏÔÓ°£ºÓöԱ½¶þ·Ó£¬Ê¹º¬ÒøºËµÄAgBr»¹ÔΪ½ðÊô£¬µ×ƬÉϱäºÚ
¶¨Ó°£ºÓÃNa2S2O3ʹδ¸Ð¹âµÄAgBrÈܽ⡣ʣÏÂAg²»Ôٱ仯¡£ AgBr + 2Na2S2O3 = Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr 22-17£¨1£©ÔõÑù´Ó»ÆÍ¿óCuFeS2 ÖƱ¸CuF2 £» £¨2£©´Ó[Ag(S2O3)2]3- ÈÜÒºÖлØÊÕAg £» £¨3£©´Ó ZnSÖƱ¸ZnCl2 £¨ÎÞË®£©£»
£¨4£©ÔõÑù´ÓHg(NO3)2 ÖƱ¸¢ÙHg2Cl2; ¢Ú HgO ;¢Û HgCl2 ;¢Ü HgI2 ;¢ÝK[HgI4] 17¡¢½â£º(1) CuFeS2 + O2 = Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2¡ü
Cu2S + 2HNO3 = 6Cu(NO3)2 + 3H2SO4 + 10NO¡ü + 8H2O Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 Cu(OH)2 + 2HF = CuF2 + 2H2O
(2) [Ag(S2O3)2]3- + 4H+ + I- = AgI + 2S + 2SO2 + 2H2O
hv??Ag + I2 2AgI ? (3) ZnS + 2HCl + nH2O = ZnCl2?nH2O + H2S
¡ª¡ª41¡ª¡ª
hv
ZnCl2?nH2O ===== ZnCl2 + nH2O
(4) 6Hg(NO3)2 + 12NaCl + 6FeSO4 = 3Hg2Cl2 ¡ý+ 12NaNO3 + 2FeCl3 + 2Fe2(SO4)3 Hg(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = 2NaNO3 + HgO ¡ý+ H2O Hg(NO3)2 + Hg = Hg2(NO3)2
Hg2(NO3)2 + 2HCl = Hg2Cl2¡ý + 2HNO3
hv Hg2Cl2 ======HgCl2 + Hg
Hg(NO3)2 + 2KI = HgI2 ¡ý+ 2KNO3 HgI2 + 2KI = K2[HgI4] 22-18·ÖÀëÏÂÁи÷×é»ìºÏÎ
£¨1£© CuSO4ºÍZnSO4 £¨2£©CuSO4ºÍCdSO4 £¨3£©CdSºÍHgS £¨4£©Hg2Cl2ºÍHgCl2 18¡¢½â£º£¨1£©2Cu2+ + 4I- = 2CuI¡ý+ I2 Zn2+ + I- ¡ú ²»·´Ó¦
£¨2£©½«»ìºÏÎïÈÜÓÚË®ºó¼ÓÈëÑÎËᣬʹHClŨ¶ÈΪ1mol?L-1ͨÈëH2S Cu2??H2S??????CuS??2H?
?11mol?LHCl?11mol?LHCl Cd2??H2S?????²»·´Ó¦
£¨3£© ¼ÓÈëÒ»¶¨Á¿µÄË«ÑõË®ÈÜÒº
HgS + H2O2 = HgSO4
CdS + 2HCl£¨Å¨£©= H2S + CdCl2 HgS + HCl£¨Å¨£©¡ú ²»·´Ó¦
£¨4£©¼ÓË®ÖÐ HgCl2Èܽ⣬¶øHg2Cl2²»Èܽâ
22-19ÓûÈܽâ5.00gº¬ÓÐCu 75.0%¡¢Zn 24.4%¡¢Pb 0.6%µÄ»ÆÍ£¬ÀíÂÛÉÏÐèÃܶÈΪ1.13g.L-1µÄ27.8%HNO3ÈÜÒº¶àÉÙºÁÉý(É軹ԲúÎïΪNO)£¿ 19¡¢½â£º3Cu + 8HNO3 = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO¡ü + 4H2O
5?0.75?0.059mol
63.51000?1.13?0.278 HNO3ÈÜÒºµÄŨ¶ÈΪ£º?4.99mol?L?1
63 CuµÄĦ¶ûÊýΪ£º
Èܽâ»ÆÍÖÐÍËùÐèHNO3ÈÜÒºµÄÁ¿Îª£º
8?0.0591000??31.5mL 34.99 3Zn + 8HNO3 = 3Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO¡ü + 4H2O
3Pb + 8HNO3 = 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO¡ü + 4H2O
ͬÀí¿ÉµÃ£ºZnÐèHNO310mL PbÐèHNO3 0.08mL ½â£º
n?5.00?75.0%5.00?24.4%5.00?0.6%???0.0778mol63.5565.39207.23M + 8HNO3 = 3M(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 3 : 8
27%0.0778 : 1 .13 ? .8 ? x x = 41.6ml
63.01
22-20ÊÔÉè¼ÆÒ»¸ö²»Óà ¶øÄÜʹÏÂÊöÀë×Ó·ÖÀëµÄ·½°¸£ºAg+ ©pHg22+ ©pCu2+ ©pZn2+ ©pCd2+ ©p
¡ª¡ª42¡ª¡ª
Hg2+ ºÍAl3+ ¡£
20¡¢½â£º »ìºÏÈÜÒº HCl ¨U
AgCl,Hg2Cl2 Cu2+,Zn2+,Cd2+,Hg2+,Al3+
NH3?H2O KI£¨¹ýÁ¿£©
HgNH2Cl +Hg Ag(NH3)2+ CuI Zn2+,Cd2+,HgI42-,Al3+ NH3?H2O
HgNH2I,HgNH2Cl,Al(OH)3 Zn(NH3)42+,Cd(NH3)42+
NaOH ¨U¦¤
Zn(OH)2,Cd(OH)2 HgNH2I,HgNH2Cl Al(OH)4- NaOH
Cd(OH)2 Zn(OH)42-
22-21ÊÔÉè¼ÆÒ»¸ö¿ÉÓÃH2S Äܽ«º¬ÓÐ Cu2+ ©pAg+©pZn2+ ©pHg2+©p Bi3+©pPb2+ Àë×ӵĻìºÏÈÜÒº½øÐзÖÀëºÍ¼ø¶¨µÄ·½°¸¡£
21¡¢½â£º »ìºÏÈÜÒº HCl
AgCl£¬Hg2Cl2 Cu2+£¬Bi3+£¬Pb2+£¬Zn2+ NH3?H2O 0.1mol?L-1HCl£¬H2S
HgNH2Cl + Hg Ag(NH3)2+ Zn2+,Bi3+ CuS,PbS NaOH(¹ýÁ¿) KCN
Bi(OH)3 Zn(OH)4- [Cu(CN)43- PbS 22-22ΪÁ˲ⶨÄÑÈÜÑÎAg2S µÄÈܶȻý£¬¿É×öÒÔÏÂ:ʵÑé×°ÈçÏÂÔµç³Ø£¬ÒøƬ×öµç³ØµÄÕý¼«£¬²åÈë0.1mol.L-1 µÄ AgNO3 ÈÜÒºÖУ¬²¢½«H2S ÆøÌå²»¶ÏͨÈëAgNO3 ÈÜÒºÖÐÖÁ±¥ºÍ¡£×öµç³Ø¸º¼«µÄпƬ²åÈë0.1mol.L-1 µÄZnSO4 ÈÜÒºÖУ¬²¢½«°±Æø²»¶ÏͨÈëZnSO4 ÈÜÒºÖÐÖ±ÖÁÓÎÀë°±NH3 µÄŨ¶È´ïµ½0.1 mol.L-1 Ϊֹ£¬ÔÙÓÃÑÎÇÅÁ¬½Ó¡£²âµÃ¸Ãµç³Øµç¶¯ÊÆΪ0.852V ¡£ÊÔÇóAg2S µÄKsp Öµ¡£[ÒÑÖª¦Õ¦È(Ag+/Ag)=0.80V , ¦Õ¦È(Zn2+/Zn)=-0.76V£¬ ±¥ºÍʱ [H2S]=0.1 mol.L-1 £» H2S µÄK1 =8.9¡Á10-8;K2 =1.2¡Á10-13 £» KÎÈ [Zn£¨NH3£©4]2+=3.8 ¡Á108 ] 22-23£¨1£©ÓÃÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨Çø±ðпÑκÍÂÁÑΣ» £¨2£© ÓÃÁ½ÖÖ·½·¨Çø±ðпÑκÍïÓÑΣ» £¨3£© ÓÃÈýÖÖ·½·¨Çø±ðþÑκÍпÑΡ£ ½â£º£¨1£©Í¨ÈëNH3H2O£¬²úÉú³Áµí£¬NH3H2O¹ýÁ¿³ÁµíÄÜÈܽâµÄΪZnÑΣ¬²»ÈܽâµÄΪÂÁÑΡ£ £¨2£©Í¨ÈëNaOH²úÉú³ÁµíºóNaOH¹ýÁ¿³ÁµíÓÖÈܽâµÄΪZnÑΣ¬·Ö±ðͨÈëH2S£¬Óа×É«³ÁµíµÄΪZnÑΣ¬»ÆÉ« ³ÁµíµÄΪCdÑÎ
£¨3£©µÎ¼ÓNaOH ²úÉú³Áµí£¬NaOH¹ýÁ¿³ÁµíÓÖÈܽâµÄΪZnÑΣ¬²»ÈܵÄΪMgÑÎ 22-24±È½Ïп×åÔªËغͼîÍÁ½ðÊôµÄ»¯Ñ§ÐÔÖÊ¡£ ´ð£ºÓëIA×åÔªËØÔ×ÓµÄ×îÍâ²ãµÄµç×ÓÊýÒ»Ñù£¬¶¼Ö»ÓÐÒ»¸öµç×Ó£¬ËüÃǶ¼ÓÐ+1Ñõ»¯Ì¬¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬´ÎÍâ²ãµç×ÓÊý²»Í¬¡£Í×åÔªËØÔ×Ó´ÎÍâ²ãÓÐ18¸öµç×Ó£¬¹ìµÀÒÑÌîÂú£¬¶ø¼î½ðÊôÔªËØ´ÎÍâ²ã
¡ª¡ª43¡ª¡ª
Ö»ÓÐ8¸öµç×Ó£¨ï®Îª2¸ö£©Ã»ÓÐdµç×Ó¡£
Í×åÔªËØΪ²»»îÆõÄÖؽðÊô£¬ÔÚµçλÐòÖÐλÓÚÇâºó£¬ÇÒ´Ó͵½½ð»îÆÃÐԵݼõ¡£¶øIA×åÔªËØΪ»îÆõÄÇá½ðÊô£¬ÔÚµçλÐòÖÐÅÅÔÚ×îÇ°Ã棬ÇÒ´Ó﮵½ï¤»îÆÃÐÔµÝÔö¡£ Í×åÔªËرíÏÖ³ö¶àÖÖÑõ»¯Ì¬£¬¶øIA×å½ðÊô½ö±íÏÖ+1Ñõ»¯Ì¬£¬ÒòΪÍ×åÔªËØÔ×ӵģ¨n-1£©dºÍnsµç×ÓÄÜÁ¿Ïà²î²»Ì«´ó£¬ÆäµÚ¶þµçÀëÄܲ»Ì«´ó£¬²¿·Ödµç×ÓÒ²¿ÉÄܲÎÓë³É¼ü£¬ÐγÉ+2Ñõ»¯Ì¬µÄ»¯ºÏÎÉõÖÁÐγÉÑõ»¯Ì¬Îª+3µÄ»¯ºÏÎï¡£¶øIA×å ½ðÊô£¬ÆänsºÍnpµç×ÓÄÜÁ¿Ïà²îºÜ´ó£¬Ò»°ãÌõ¼þÏ£¬²»¿ÉÄܵçÀë³öµÚ¶þ¸öµç×Ó£¬Ö»ÄÜÏÔ+1Ñõ»¯Ì¬¡£
Í×åÔªËصĶþÔª»¯ºÏÎïµÄ¼üÐÍÓÐÏ൱³Ì¶ÈµÄ¹²¼ÛÐÔ£¬¶ø¼î½ðÊôµÄ»¯ºÏÎï¾ø´ó¶àÊýΪÀë×ÓÐÍ¡£
Í×åÔªËØÒ×ÐγÉÅäºÏÎ¶ø¼î½ðÊôÔò²»Ò×Ðγɡ£
22-25±È½ÏÍ×åÔªËغÍп×åÔªËصÄÐÔÖÊ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ËµÐ¿×åÔªËؽÏͬÖÜÆÚµÄÍ×åÔªËØ»îÆã¿ ½â£ºIIB×å½ðÊô±ÈIB×å½ðÊô»îÆ㬿ÉÒÔ´ÓËüÃǵÄÔ×Óת±äΪˮºÏÀë×ÓʱËùÐèµÄ×ÜÈÈЧӦµÃµ½½âÊÍ£º Cu ¡ú Cu2+£¨aq£©×ÜÈÈЧӦ±ÈZn ¡ú Zn2+Òª´óµÃ¶à£¬Ð¿±ÈÍ»îÆã¬Í¬ÀíïÓ»îÆÃÐÔ´óÓÚÒø£¬¹¯´óÓÚ½ð¡£
µÚ23Õ dÇø½ðÊô
23-1ÊÔÒÔÔ×ӽṹÀíÂÛ˵Ã÷£º
£¨1£©µÚËÄÖÜÆÚ¹ý¶É½ðÊôÔªËØÔÙÐÔÖÊÉϵĻù±¾¹²Í¬µã£»
£¨2£©ÌÖÂÛµÚÒ»¹ý¶ÉϵԪËصĽðÊôÐÔ©pÑõ»¯Ì¬©pÑõ»¯»¹ÔÎȶ¨ÐÔÒÔ¼°Ëá¼îÎȶ¨ÐԱ仯¹æÂÉ£» £¨3£©²ûÊöµÚÒ»¹ý¶Éϵ½ðÊôË®ºÏÀë×ÓÑÕÉ«¼°º¬ÑõËá¸ùÑÕÉ«²úÉúµÄÔÒò¡£ 1¡¢£¨1£©´ð£ºµÚËÄÖÜÆÚÔªËصç×ӽṹµÄÌصãÊǾßÓÐδ³äÂúµÄ3d¹ìµÀ£¬×îÍâ²ãµç×ÓΪ1-2¸ö£¬ÆäÌØÕ÷µç×Ó¹¹ÐÍΪ£¨n-1£©d1-10ns1-2£¬ËüÃǵĵçÁ¦Äܺ͵縺ÐÔ¶¼ºÜС£¬ÈÝÒ×ʧȥµç×ӳʽðÊôÐÔ£¬¶øÇÒ±ê×¼µç¼«µçÊÆÖµ¼¸ºõ¶¼ÊǸºÖµ£¬±íÃ÷¾ßÓнÏÇ¿µÄ»¹ÔÐÔ£¬ÄÜ´Ó·ÇÑõ»¯ÐÔµÄËáÖÐÖû»³öÇâ¡£ £¨2£©´ð£ºµÚÒ»¹ý¶ÉϵԪËØ´Ó×óµ½ÓÒ£¬½ðÊôµÄ»¹ÔÄÜÁ¦Öð½¥¼õÈõ£¬ËüÃǵÄÔ×Ӱ뾶Ëæ×ÅÔ×ÓÐòÊýµÄÔö¼Ó¶ø¼õС£¬¿ªÊ¼¼õСÊǺÜÃ÷ÏԵģ¬µ½VIB×åÒÔºó¾Í±äµÃƽ»º£¬µ½IBʱÔ×Ӱ뾶ÓÖ¿ªÊ¼ÉÏÉý¡£µÚÒ»¹ý¶Éϵ½ðÊô´Ó×óµ½ÓÒ£¬ÈÛµã´ÓîÖµÄ
1541¡æÉýµ½·°µÄ1890¡æ´ïµ½¸ß·å£¬È»ºóϽµµ½Ã̵Ä1244¡æ£¬ËæºóÓÖÉÏÉýÔÙϽµ£¬ÕâÖֱ仯µÄÇ÷ÊÆÊÇÒòΪËæÔ×ÓÐòÊýµÄÔö¼Ó£¬ÓÃÓÚÐγɽðÊô¼üµÄδ³É¶ÔµÄ dµç×ӳɶԶø¼õÉÙ£¬ÈÛµãϽµ£¬±ß½çÔªËØMnºÍZnµÄ3dÄܼ¶Îª°ë³äÂúºÍÈ«³äÂúµÄÎȶ¨¹¹ÐͶøʹÈÛµã½ÏµÍ¡£
Ëæ×ÅÔ×ÓÐòÊýµÄÔö¼Ó£¬Ñõ»¯Ì¬ÏÈÊÇÖð½¥Éý¸ß£¬´ïµ½Æä×åÊý¶ÔÓ¦µÄ×î¸ßÑõ»¯Ì¬£¬ÕâÖֱ仯µÄÇ÷ÊÆÓë³É¼üdµç×ÓÊýÓйء£ÓÉÓÚd1-d5µç×Ó¹¹Ð͵Ĺý¶ÉÔªËصĵç×Ó¶¼ÊÇδ³É¶ÔµÄ£¬¶¼ÄܲÎÓë³É¼ü£¬µ±Ê§È¥ËùÓÐsºÍdµç×Óʱ¾Í³öÏÖ×î¸ßÑõ»¯Ì¬¡£µ«ÔÚ³¬¹ý3d5¹¹Ð͵ÄÔªËØºó £¬Ò»·½ÃæÓÉÓÚµç×ÓµÄÅä¶Ô£¬ÔÙʧȥµç×Ó ¾ÍÒªÏûºÄÄÜÁ¿È¥¿Ë·þµç×ӳɶÔÄÜ£¬ÁíÒ»·½ÃæËæ×ÅÔ×ÓÐòÊýµÄÔö¼Ó£¬Ô×Ӱ뾶Öð½¥¼õС£¬Ê§È¥µç×Ó¸ü¼ÓÀ§ÄÑ£¬ÒÔÖÂʧȥËùÓеļ۵ç×ÓÔÚÄÜÁ¿ÉÏÊǽû×èµÄ£¬ËùÒÔµ½¢ø×åÔªËØÖÐ ´ó¶àÊýÔªËض¼²»³ÊÏÖÓë×å¶ÔÓ¦µÄ×î¸ßÑõ»¯Ì¬¡£
µÚÒ»¹ý¶Éϵ½ðÊôÔªËØ+¡Ç¼ÛÑõ»¯Ì¬µÄ±ê×¼µç¼«µçÊÆ´Ó×óµ½ÓÒÓɸºÖµÔö¼Óµ½ÕýÖµ£¬½ðÊôµÄ»¹ÔÐÔÒÀ´Î¼õÈõ£¬ËüÃǵÄ×î¸ß¼ÛÑõ»¯Ì¬º¬ÑõËáµÄ±ê×¼µç¼«µçÊÆ´Ó×óµ½ÓÒËæÔ×ÓÐòÊýµÄÔö´ó¶øÔö´ó£¬¼´Ñõ»¯ÐÔÖð½¥ÔöÇ¿£¬ÖмäÑõ»¯Ì¬»¯ºÏÎïÔÚÒ»¶¨Ìõ¼þϲ»Îȶ¨£¬¿É·¢ÉúÑõ»¯»¹Ô·´Ó¦¡£
µÚÒ»¹ý¶Éϵ½ðÊôÔªËصÄ×î¸ßÑõ»¯Ì¬Ñõ»¯Îï¼°ÆäË®ºÏÑõ»¯ÎïµÄËá¼îÐԱ仯ÊÇ£º´Ó×óµ½ÓÒ×î¸ßÑõ»¯Ì¬Ñõ»¯Îï¼°ÆäË®ºÏÑõ»¯ÎïµÄ¼îÐÔÖð½¥¼õÈõËáÐÔÔöÇ¿£¬Í¬Ò»ÖÜÆÚ´Ó×óµ½ÓÒ£¬ÖÐÐÄÔ×ÓµÄÑõ»¯Ì¬Ôö¼Ó£¬°ë¾¶ÒÀ´Î¼õС£¬Àë×ÓÊÆÒÀ´ÎÔö´ó£¬ÖÐÐÄÔ×Ó¶ÔÑõµÄ½áºÏÄÜÁ¦ÔöÇ¿£¬ËùÒÔËáʽÀë½âÖð½¥ÔöÇ¿£¬ËáÐÔÔöÇ¿£¬¼îʽÀë½â¼õÈõ¡£
ͬһԪËز»Í¬Ñõ»¯ ̬Ñõ»¯Îï¼°ÆäË®ºÏÑõ»¯ÎïµÄËá¼îÐÔÒ»°ã¶¼ÊǵÍÑõ»¯Ì¬Ñõ»¯Îï¼°Æä
¡ª¡ª44¡ª¡ª