T.Dahlbergetal./ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications14(2015)265–284269Fig.3.Empiricalandconceptualarticlesfrom1999to2014.Fig.4.Theevolutionofthethreemostpopularcategoriesinmobilepaymentresearch.physicalformsofdevices,sizesofpayments).Ondrusetal.(2005)explainedhowtheperspectivesarelinkedandwhytheyshouldbestudiedsimultaneously.Inlinewiththeirsuggestion,OndrusandPigneurlaterperformedanumberofmulti-perspectivestudiesontheSwissmarket(e.g.,OndrusandPigneur2006a,b).ZmijewskaandLawrence(2005)proposedanalternativemulti-perspectiveframework,basedontheworkofDamsgaardandGao(2005).Thisframeworkcomprisesauseradoptionperspec-tive(e.g.,customerandmerchantadoption)andaninfrastructureperspective(e.g.,stakeholdercollaboration,regulation,businessmodels)toanalyzethesuccessofmobilepayments.ZmijewskaandLawrenceclaimedthatbothperspectivesareequallyimpor-tantanddependstronglyoneachother,sotheyshouldbestudiedtogether.After2007,thenumberofarticlesonmobilepaymentecosys-temshasgraduallyincreased.Dahlbergetal.(2008a)proposedatheoreticalframeworktounderstandwhyadominantdesigndidnotemergeduring10yearsoffailedmobilepaymentinitiativesbyFinnishactors,whohadchairedinternationalstandardizationcommitteesthatmadeattemptstoconquertheworldinthewakeofNokia.Theirframeworkwasbuiltontheoriestakenfromstan-dardizationandmarketemergenceresearch.Dahlbergetal.(2008a)claimedthatmulti-disciplinaryandmulti-levelanalysesprovidemoreinsightsthansingletheorymodels.Hence,theirframeworkontheemergenceofmobilepaymentmarketscom-prisedinstitutional,keymarketactors,andeconomic,businessandtechnologyfactors.Relyingonotherstrategicandeconomicperspectives,AuandKauffman(2008)proposedaframeworktoidentifytherelevantstakeholdersofmobilepaymentecosystem(i.e.,technologypro-ducers,merchants,consumers,andregulators)andeconomicthe-oriesthatareapplicabletoanalyzemobilepayments.InanefforttoprovideanintegratedviewonmobilepaymentbusinessmodelsandtoaddressRQ22ofDahlbergetal.(2008b),270T.Dahlbergetal./ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications14(2015)265–284Pousttchietal.(2009)proposedanextensiontothe‘BusinessModelCanvas’ofOsterwalderetal.(2005).Theirarticleexplainshowcomplexmobilepaymentplatformsareandhowimportantitistotakeintoaccountinter-dependenciesbetweentechnical,human,andmarketfactors.Throughtheuseofthreeexistingframeworks,Ondrusetal.(2009)analyzedseveralSwissinitiativesthathadfailed.Moreover,toovercomethestaticnatureofpreviousframeworks,Ondrusetal.(2009)proposedadynamicmodeltocovervariousdiffusionstages,whichencompassesthenotionoftimeandsequence.Bydoingso,theirframeworkaimedtounderstandbetterwhymobilepaymentplatformshadfailedandprovideguidanceforfuturearchitecturedesigns.HedmanandHenningsson(2012)studiedhowtechnologicalpaymentinnovationsin?uencepaymentecosystems.Theyexplainedthatdigitalizationofpaymentshascausedecosysteminstabilitybyimpactingthecompetitiveandcollaborativedimen-sionsofecosystems.Inotherwords,thisdigitalizationcreatesanewarenaforcompetitionandrequiresnewcollaborationschemesbetweenstakeholders.Usinginstitutionaltheory,Magnier-Watanabe(2014)proposedthatthedevelopmentofmobilepaymentsystemsdependsoncountry-levelinstitutionalconstraints–includingcompliancewithindustry-basedandresource-dependentviews.Byapplyingastrategicresource-basedview,GaurandOndrus(2012)lookedatwhatstrategicassetsmakethepresenceofbanksand?nancialinstitutionsmandatoryinmobilepaymentecosys-tems.Theydemonstratedhowcertainassetsprovideacompetitiveadvantagetothebanks.KazanandDamsgaard(2013)constructedaframeworktostudydigitalpaymentsystemsandtoanalyzethestrategiesofcurrentmarketactors.Theyanalyzedthreecasesusingthemulti-sidedplatformliterature.Factorssuchasnetworkeffects,homingandswitchingcosts,andbundlingandenvelopmentwereconsideredtobeessentialforthecreationofaviablepaymentplatform.Inafollow-upwork,KazanandDamsgaard(2014)proposedanupdatedversionoftheframework,whichcombinesplatform,tech-nology,andbusinessdesignaspects.Withthearrivalofnewmarketactorstomobilepaymentmar-kets,mostnotablyGoogle,Paypal,AppleandAliBaba,researchershavestartedtoinvestigatetheirimpactontechnologyecosystems(OndrusandLyytinen2011).Theyexaminedmobilepaymentssolutionsfromthirdparties.Thestrategicimpactofmerchantpaymentplatforms,suchasMCXintheU.S.,whichisthesub-stanceofRQ21inDahlbergetal.(2008b)hasnotbeeninvesti-gatedyet.Intheirstudyonhownascentmobilepaymentmarketsemerge,OzcanandSantos(2014)showedhow?rmsfromdifferentindus-triesstruggledtoagreeonthearchitectureofamobilepaymentmarketandhowthatledtoresourceallocationdeferment.Theydisclosedthattheparticipating?rmshadahistoryofdominanceintheirrespectiveindustriesandlackedcollaborationexperience.Similarly,deReuveretal.(2015)foundthatdifferencesinstrategicobjectivesandinterestsbetweenbanksandmobilenetworkoper-atorsleadtothedissolutionofamobilepaymentplatformintheNetherlands.HedmanandHenningsson(2015)proposedamulti-levelframe-work,consistingofmicro,meso,andmacrolevels,todepictcoop-erationstrategiesinmobilepaymentecosystems.Theirframeworkisgroundedonmarketcooperationtheories,technologyecosystemtheory,andbusinessecosystemstheory.Tovalidatetheirframe-work,HedmanandHenningsson(2015)conductedacasestudyinDenmark.Theconclusionwasthat‘‘marketcooperationstrategyinmobilepaymentecosystemscanbeunderstoodasabalancebetweendefensiveandoffensivetechnology-basedstrategies’’(HedmanandHenningsson2015,p.12).Ondrusetal.(2015)investigatedtheimpactofopennessstrate-giesonthemarketpotentialofplatforms,usingamulti-levelframeworkaswell.Theirresearchdrawsontheexperiencesofmultiplecasesfromdifferentmobilepaymentmarkets.Ondrusetal.(2015)demonstratedthatanumberofstrategic,technologi-cal,anduser-relateddecisionshavetobemadebeforethelaunchofamobilepaymentplatforminordernottolimititsdiffusionpotential.Theunveiledconditionsarenecessarybutnotsuf?cientforensuringsuccess.ArecentframeworkproposedbyStaykovaandDamsgaard(2015)aimstoidentifyoptimalentryandexpansionstrategiesofdigitalpaymentplatforms.Accordingtothemtheabilitytotimeentryandexpansiondecisionsoptimallyiskeyfactorinthesuc-cessofaplatform.Ifthetimingisnon-optimal,previouslygainedcompetitiveadvantagecouldbelost.Inlinewithourpreviouscomments,wepointoutthatanumberofrecentstudieshavemainlycon?rmedtheresultsofpriormobilepaymentecosystemstudies.Similarreasonsforthefailuresofmobilepaymentplatformshavebeenidenti?ed:lackofcollaborationbetweenmultiplestakeholders,dif?cultiesin?ndingwin–winbusinessmodelsandthelackofstandardiza-tion(Apanasevic2013,AuandKauffman2008,deReuveretal.2015,Gannamanenietal.2015,Liuetal.2015,Lim2008,Ondrusetal.2009,OzcanandSantos2014,Pousttchi2008).Despitethesesimilar?ndings,thenewerarticlesareingeneraltheoreticallyandempiricallystronger.Oneobviousreasonforthisprogressisthatresearchershaveadoptedestablishedmod-elsandtheoriesfromotherliteratures,suchasthemulti-sidedplatformliterature,strategicassettheory,andcollectiveactiontheory.Similarly,themorerecentcasestudiesaremorerigorouslyconstructed,asmoredatahasbecomepubliclyavailable.Inouropinion,researchonmobilepaymentecosystemshasdemonstratedthatmulti-levelandmulti-perspectiveapproachesarerequiredtoobtainthenecessaryholisticunderstanding.Moreover,RQ19andRQ20suggestedbyDahlbergetal.(2008b)calledforresearchontherolesofeachstakeholderandonhowtoorganizecollaborationbetweenthestakeholders.Despitebeingexaminedbypreviousstudies,thesetworesearchquestionsremaintopicalastheecosystemisstillevolving.Insummary,severalmulti-perspectiveframeworkshavebeenproposedoverthedecadeofresearchonthemobilepaymentecosystems.Table3providestheclassi?cationofthemainthemesinthesearticles.Itincludesthethemesofall20articlesonecosystems(2007–2014),whicharelistedintheTableAintheAppendix.Ingeneral,wealsofoundthatthearticlesonecosystemsdonotsystematicallybuildonthe?ndingsofpreviousstudies,eventhoughtheyhavesimilarperspectives.Rapidlychangingtechnol-ogyandthelackofsuccessfulmobilepaymentecosystems,aswellastheimmaturityandexploratorynatureofmobilepaymentecosystemresearch,couldprobablyexplainthisissue.Thevarietyofframeworksalsoindicatesthatthereareseveralwaystoexam-inemobilepaymentecosystems.RQ19andRQ22byDahlbergetal.(2008b)proposedthatresearchersshouldinvestigate:(i)whattheoptimalrolesofeachstakeholderare;(ii)howtoorganizecollaborationbetweenstakeholders;and(iii)howtocaptureandmeasurethevalueeachstakeholderisableextractfromtheparticipationtoamobilepaymentecosystem.Althoughalltheseresearchques-tionshavebeentoucheduponduringthelast8years,therearestillopportunitiesforfurtherresearchonthesetopics.Ourassessmentisthattheproposedframeworkshavebeenunabletoofferde?niterecommendationsonwhatneedstobedoneformobilepaymentplatformsandecosystemstobreakthroughandsucceed.T.Dahlbergetal./ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications14(2015)265–284271Table3
Themesofecosystemsresearch.ThemesofresearchReferencesMulti-perspectiveframeworkApanasevicetal.(2013),ChengandHuangformobilepayment(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003,2008a,b),ecosystemsDahlbergand??rni(2007),deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014),DennehyandSammon(2015),Hassinenetal.(2008),HedmanandHenningsson(2012)FrameworktoidentifytheApanasevicetal.(2013),Dahlbergetal.actorsandtheirrole(2008a),deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014),deReuveretal.(2015),DennehyandSammon(2015),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),Hassinenetal.(2008),HedmanandHenningsson(2012),HedmanandHenningsson(2015)AnalysisofthebusinessmodelsAlshareandMousa(2014),Dahlbergetal.(2003,2008a),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),DamsgaardandGao(2005),GaurandOndrus(2012),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),Hassinenetal.(2008),HedmanandHenningsson(2012)StudyofstrategicissuesApanasevicetal.(2013),AuandKauffman(2008),ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003,2008b),DamsgaardandGao(2005),deReuveretal.(2015),DennehyandSammon(2015),Gannamanenietal.(2015),GaurandOndrus(2012),Ghezzietal.(2010),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),Hassinenetal.(2008),HedmanandHenningsson(2012),KazanandDamsgaard(2013),Hwangetal.(20073.2.TechnologyandtechnologicalenvironmentIntheliteraturereviewofDahlbergetal.(2008b),thetechnol-ogycategorywaspopulatedwiththehighestamountofpublica-tionsbetween1998and2006with29articles.Technologyandtechnologicalenvironmentscontinuetobepopulartopics.Inthisreview,weuse44articlespublishedbetween2007and2014(37journaland7conferencearticles),1whicharelistedintheTableBintheAppendix.
Themainissueaddressedbythetechnologyarticlespriorto2007wastheirfragmentation.Unfortunately,thisissuehascontin-ued,withanewtwist:securityclearlybecamethedominanttopic.Approximately75%ofthearticlesfocusentirelyonsecurity,andsecurityisoneofthemaintopics(seeTable4).Someoftheremainingarticlesalsohavesmallsectionsonsecurity.Thetechnologyarticleshavebecomeincreasinglyone-sidedoruni-dimensional.However,atthesametime,therelatedbodyofknowledgeremainsfragmented.Thestrongfocusonsecurityhasnotpreventedtheproliferationofothertopicsthough.AsTable4alsoshows,technologyarticleshavecumulativelyaddressed68topics.However,othertopicsarestilllargelyexploredthroughthesecuritylens.Forexample,securitymessagesareatypicalpartofmessageprotocols,whichrepresentsthesecondmostpopulartopic.Thefragmentationcanbeillustratedbythefactthat38topicshaveappearedonlyonceinanarticle,and10intwoarticles.Anothersymptomofthefragmentationisthatarticlesseldombuildoneachotherorestablishaseriesofarticlesbythesameorrelatedresearchteams.The?ndingsofpriormobilepaymentstudies,ifdiscussed,areoftendescribedasrelatedworkrather1InSection2,weused25articlesforourdescriptivestatisticalanalysis,followingourselectioncriteria.Whilereviewingthe25papers,westartedtoseeafragmen-tationintheliterature.Inordertofullyexplorethetechnologicalliterature,wethendecidedtoincludeallthe44articlesintheanalysisinSection3(i.e.inshowingthefragmentationoftopicsandthemes).
thantheoreticalbackgroundorpriorresearch?ndings.Furthermore,sectionsonrelatedworkintheresearcharticlesmostoftenfocusonthespeci?csofthetechnologyinvestigatedinthearticle,orthosemobilepaymentandsecurity-relatedproblemsthatthetechnologyaimstosolve,oronthetechnicalbackgroundoftheinvestigatedtechnology.Oneresearchstream,whichstartedfromlightweightsecuritywithrestrictedconnectivityscenarios,isanexceptiontowhatwasstatedabove.Restrictedconnectivitymeansthatapayerhaslimitedornoonlineaccesstothemerchantorbankatthetimeofthepaymenttransactionexecution(orviceversa).ThisstreamofresearchstartedoveradecadeagowithLametal.(2003)andKungpisdanetal.(2004).IthascontinuedthroughtheyearsinrelatedstudiesbyHassinenetal.(2008)andLietal.(2012).Buildingonpreviousstudies,IsaacandZeadally(2013)coveredotherissuesthanthelightweightsecurityandrestrictedconnectiv-ityscenarios.Theyhavealsocomparedalternativetechnologicalsolutions(IsaacandZeadally2014),whichisanotherrarefeatureoftechnologyarticles(seeTable5).Table5presentsthedifferentthemesexploredinthetechno-logicalstudies.Eacharticleisclassi?edintermsofoneprimarytheme.Weaddedatheme‘‘Semiconductorelements,SIMcards,antennas’’tothecomparabletableusedinthe2008literaturereview.Wealsoaddedanewcolumntoshow,whicharticlescomparealternativetechnologicalsolutionsevenifsuchcompar-isonwouldbelimited.AsTable5shows,therearenumerousdescriptionsaboutspeci?ctechnologies,theirapplicationsorusage(21articles).Duringtheyears2007–2014,itbecamemoredif?culttopublishspeculativedescriptionsaboutwhattechnologyingeneralormobiletechnologycouldbeorcoulddoforpayments.Contrarytothis,afewarticlespublishedduringtheyears1998–2006hadalimitedunderstandingabouttechnology:theywereclosertoscience?ctionthanscience.Thisisnolongerthecase,andthematurityoftechnologyliter-aturehasgrown.Wefoundfewerpropositionsfornewtechnologies.Thereasoncouldbethatthemajorityofdescriptivearticlesdiscusshowtoimprovethedeployment,useorimpactofthedescribedtechnol-ogywithoutproposingnewtechnologicaldesigns.Furthermore,mostofthe13articlesclassi?edintotheproposedconstructionshaveamathematicalorlogicalevaluativesectionaboutthemeritsoftheconstruction.Therelativeproportionofempiricallyevalu-atedconstructionswithprototypeshasremainedatthesamelevel–slightlyunderthe25%level.Asawhole,thetechnologicalarticlesaremorematureandsophisticatedthanbefore,thoughtheyaremorefragmentedandone-sided.Basedonourreview,wewonder:howitispossiblethatover30articlesonsecuritycouldproduceafragmentedpicture?Onerea-soncouldbethattechnologyarticlespublishedatanyparticulartimemayaddresstechnologiesfromdifferentgenerationsofmobilenetworks,mobiledevices,SIMcards,POSterminalsandothertechnologycomponentsusedinamobilepaymentservice.Inaddition,thearticlesmayhaveinvestigateddifferentpaymentscenarios.Apaymentscenariomaydescribemicro-paymentmoneytransfersbetweenpeers(P2Ppayments),proximitypaymentsatvendingmachineswithvariousshort-waveradiofrequencytech-nologies(NFC,RFID),ortheuseofswipecardsormobiledeviceswipinginpublictransportation.Paymentswithmobilemoney,mobilewalletsormobilecreditcardsatthepointsofsaleinshopsorremotely,aspurchasesfromelectroniccommerceorapplicationstores,areotherpaymentscenarios.Wecanaddtothesevaria-tions:microandmacropaymentsofpurchasesandelectronicinvoiceswithmobilebankingpaymentservices,paymentshandledwithmobilenetworkoperators’networkbillingapplicationsandpaymentshandledwithmobileserviceoperators’servicebillingapplications.Inadditiontopaymenttransactionexecution,itis272T.Dahlbergetal./ElectronicCommerceResearchandApplications14(2015)265–284Table4
Topicsoftechnologyandtechnologicalenvironmentresearch.Nameofthetopic20mostpopulartopicsSecurityincludingprivacy#ofarticles33ReferencesMessageprotocols14SecurityproofsPKI/WPKI/Publickey;symmetrickeyAuthenticationElectroniccoin;electroniccash;electronicmoneytechnologiesMobilepaymentprotocolsMicro-paymenttechnologyTrusteddeviceCryptographyNon-repudiationtechnologyE-PaymenttechnologySecureprotocols3Dsecureanditsmodi?cationsMobile?nancialservicestechnologyRFIDNFCProxycerti?cateTechnologyperformanceevaluationRestrictedconnectivityOthertopicswiththeirnumberTopicdiscussedin2articlesTopicdiscussedinasinglearticleTotalnumberoftopics888766554444444333103868AlshareandMousa(2014),Apanasevicetal.(2013),AuandKauffman(2008),ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003,2008a,b),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014),deReuveretal.(2015),Gannamanenietal.(2015),GaurandOndrus(2012),Ghezzietal.(2010),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),Hassinenetal.(2008),HedmanandHenningsson(2012),HedmanandHenningsson(2015),Hwangetal.(2007),IsaacandZeadally(2014),KazanandDamsgaard(2013),Konidalaetal.(2012),Kousaridasetal.(2008),Kungpisdanetal.(2004),Lametal.(2003),Lim(2008),Linetal.(2008),Mallat(2007),Nanetal.(2009),Olsenetal.(2012),Ondrusetal.(2005),Ondrusetal.(2005),OndrusandLyytinen(2011),Ondrusetal.(2009)AlshareandMousa(2014),AuandKauffman(2008),ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003,2008a),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),Gannamanenietal.(2015),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),Hwangetal.(2007),IsaacandZeadally(2014),Lametal.(2003),MisraandWickamasinghe(2004),Olsenetal.(2012),Ondrusetal.(2005)AlshareandMousa(2014),AuandKauffman(2008),ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2008a),deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014),Hwangetal.(2007),Lametal.(2003),Nanetal.(2009)Apanasevicetal.(2013),AuandKauffman(2008),Dahlbergetal.(2003,2008a,b),Hassinenetal.(2008),HedmanandHenningsson(2012),IsaacandZeadally(2014)Apanasevicetal.(2013),ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),deReuveretal.(2015),Hassinenetal.(2008),Konidalaetal.(2012),Olsenetal.(2012)AlshareandMousa(2014),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),Gannamanenietal.(2015),IsaacandZeadally(2013),KazanandDamsgaard(2013),Liuetal.(2015),MisraandWickamasinghe(2004),Ondrusetal.(2015)Dahlbergetal.(2008a,b),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),Hassinenetal.(2008),IsaacandZeadally(2014),Lametal.(2003),Ondrusetal.(2005)Dahlbergand??rni(2007),deReuveretal.(2015),Ghezzietal.(2010),KazanandDamsgaard(2013),Kousaridasetal.(2008),Ondrusetal.(2005)ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003),IsaacandZeadally(2013),IsaacandZeadally(2014),Olsenetal.(2012)Gannamanenietal.(2015),GoekeandPousttchi(2010),HedmanandHenningsson(2015),Mallat(2007),MisraandWickamasinghe(2004)Apanasevicetal.(2013),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),Hwangetal.(2007),IsaacandZeadally(2014)ChengandHuang(2013),Dahlbergand??rni(2007),Liuetal.(2015),MisraandWickamasinghe(2004)Dahlbergetal.(2008a),deReuveretal.(2015),Hassinenetal.(2008),OndrusandLyytinen(2011)Dahlbergetal.(2008a,b),DamsgaardandGao(2005),GaurandOndrus(2012)Dahlbergand??rni(2007),GaurandOndrus(2012),Hassinenetal.(2008),Linetal.(2008)deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014),KshetriandAcharya(2012),Lametal.(2003),Olsenetal.(2012)Ghezzietal.(2010),Kungpisdanetal.(2004),Lametal.(2003),Olsenetal.(2012)Apanasevicetal.(2013),Dahlbergetal.(2003),deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014)Dahlbergetal.(2008a,b),deAlbuquerqueetal.(2014)AuandKauffman(2008),Dahlbergetal.(2008a),HedmanandHenningsson(2015)necessarytoconsiderhowto:preventfraud;achievesecurenon-repudiation;andtreatcanceled,nulli?ed,andreversedtrans-actionswithtransactionrollback.Sincerequirementsforsecurity,suchasidenti?cation,authen-tication,securitymessageprotocols,messaging,dataencryption,differforeachtechnologygenerationandlayerandforeachpay-mentscenario,itisunderstandablewhytheliteratureisfrag-mented.Theconsequenceisthatthereaderneedstoconsidercarefullywhatconstitutestheunderlyingtechnology,andthepay-mentscenarioofeacharticle.Researchfundingisanotherfactorthatmaycontributebothtothesecurityfocusoftechnologyarticlesandtheirfragmentation.The?rstmobilepaymentadoptionstudiesreportedthatsecurityandtrustareprerequisitesformobilepaymentadoption.Moreover,securityisimportanttoallpartiesoftheecosystems.Thedevelopmentofanimprovedmessageprotocol,encryptionmethod,token,device,software,orsecureelementfeaturemayappearasawell-de?nedresearchprojectwithclearobjectives.Oneoftheoutputsoftheprojectmaybetoreporthowthesecurityconstructwasdesigned,implementedandvalidatedmathemati-cally,logicallyorempirically.Intheiracknowledgments,severalarticlesthankthefundingprovidersoftheirprojects.Sincethereareseldomarticlesthatwouldcontinuefromthesestudiesandbuildontheresultsthatwereachieved,itappearsthattheresearchershavethenmovedtoothertopics.Knowledgehasaccu-mulatedmoreslowlyforthisreason.Thepreviouslydiscussedfeaturesoftechnologicalresearchtendtohavenegativeconsequences.Byreadinganysetorallofthetechnologicalarticles,thereaderwillbeunabletoestablishaholisticpictureaboutthetechnologiesusedinmobilepayments.Similarly,thereaderwillbeunabletolearnaboutthemosttypicaltechnologyplatformsthatareusedtoconductvariousmobilepay-mentscenarios,andhowtheydiffer.Dominanttechnologies,suchasthoseusedtoimplementtheEMV3Dsecuremodel,mobileInternetprotocol,creditcardaccess,andsecureidenti?cationandauthenticationinmostpopularmobilepaymentservices(e.g.,GoogleWalletorPayPal)areunder-representedinthetech-nologyliterature.Oneobviousreasonisthattheserviceprovidersarereluctanttoprovidedetailedinformationabouttheirtechnolo-gies.Thedisclosureofsuchinformationisoftenrestricted.Tounderstandtechnology,itisthusnecessarytoreadtradejournals,insightfulblogs,serviceproviders’documentation,andothersim-ilarmaterials.Weencourageresearcherswhoinitiatenewmobilepaymentresearchtoreadaboutmobilepayments,whatevertheirresearchtopicis.Therejectionofaratherwell-writtenarticlecanbeavoidedifthefocusisnotbasedonimaginarypaymentscenar-iosortechnologies,andtheunderlyingbusinessprocessesinthebankingcontextareproperlyunderstood.