You can apply an initial stress state to this element through the ISTRESS or ISFILE command. For more information, see Initial Stress Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide. Alternately, you can set KEYOPT(10) = 1 to read initial stresses from the user subroutine USTRESS. For details on user subroutines, see the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable Features.
你可以对该单元通过istress 和isfile 命令来定义初始应力状态。要获取更多的信息，可以参考ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide的Initial Stress Loading。可以替换的，你可以设置keyopt（10）＝1 来从用户的子程序ustress 来读取出初始应力。关于用户子程序的详细资料，参见ANSYS User Programmable Features 的指南。
The effects of pressure load stiffness are automatically included for this element. If an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects, use NROPT,UNSYM.
应力刚化作用在单元中没有自动计算，如果对应力刚化作用需要非对称矩阵，使用nropt，unsym。 A summary of the element input is given in \.
\给出了单元的输入总结。
BEAM188 Input Summary BEAM188 输入数据摘要
Nodes 节点
I, J, K (K, the orientation node, is optional but recommended)
K，方向点，可选择但是推荐主动输入
Degrees of Freedom 自由度
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ if KEYOPT(1) = 0 UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ, WARP if KEYOPT(1) = 1 Section Controls 截面控制
TXZ, TXY, ADDMAS (See SECCONTROLS) (TXZ and TXY default to A*GXZ and A*GXY, respectively, where A = cross-sectional area) Material Properties 材料属性
EX, (PRXY or NUXY), ALPX, DENS, GXY, GYZ, GXZ, DAMP Surface Loads 表面力
Pressure -- 压力
face 1 (I-J) (-z normal direction), face 2 (I-J) (-y normal direction), face 3 (I-J) (+x tangential direction), face 4 (J) (+x axial direction), face 5 (I) (-x direction).
(use a negative value for loading in the opposite direction)
(用负数表示作用方向相反)
I and J denote the end nodes.
I 和j 是端节点
Body Loads 体力
Temperatures -- 温度
T(0,0), T(1,0), T(0,1) at each end node 温度坐标在每个节点端部 Special Features 特殊特征
Plasticity塑性
Viscoelasticity粘弹性 Viscoplasticity粘弹性 Creep蠕变
Stress stiffening应力刚化 Large deflection大挠曲 Large strain大应变
Initial stress import初始应力导入
Birth and death (requires KEYOPT(11) = 1)单元生死，需要KEYOPT(11) = 1 Automatic selection of element technology自动选择单元技术
Supports the following types of data tables associated with the TB command: 支持下列用TB 命令相关的数据表种类
BISO, MISO, NLISO, BKIN, MKIN, KINH, CHABOCHE, HILL, RATE, CREEP, PRONY, SHIFT, PLASTIC, and USER.
Generalized cross section (nonlinear elastic, elasto-plastic,
temperature-dependent)广义横截面（非线性弹性，弹塑性，温度决定）
Note
See the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details of the material models.
对于材料模型细节可以参见ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
See Automatic Selection of Element Technologies and ETCONTROL for more information on selection of element technologies.
对于更多的关许单元技术选择的信息可以参见Automatic Selection of Element Technologies 和ETCONTROL
KEYOPT(1)
Warping degree of freedom:扭转自由度 0 --
Default; six DOF, unrestrained warping默认6个自由度，不限制扭转 1 --
Seven DOF (including warping). Bimoment and bicurvature are output.
7 个自由度（包括扭转）， 输出双力矩和双曲线
KEYOPT(2)
Cross-section scaling, applies only if NLGEOM,ON has been invoked:
截面缩放比例，当大变形开关打开的时候被调用。
0 --
Default; cross-section is scaled as a function of axial stretch
默认；截面因为轴线拉伸效应被缩放；
1 --
Section is assumed to be rigid (classical beam theory)
截面被认为是刚性的（经典梁理论）
KEYOPT(3)
Interpolation scheme:插值数据 0 --
Default; linear polynomial. Mesh refinement is recommended.
默认；线性多项式。要求划分细致。
2 --
Quadratic shape functions (effectively a Timoshenko beam element); uses an internal node (inaccessible to users) to enhance element accuracy, allowing exact representation of linearly varying bending moments
二次型（对于铁木辛哥梁单元有效）运用中间节点（中点点用户无法修改）来提高
单元的精度，能够精确的表示线性变化的弯距。
KEYOPT(4)
Shear stress output:剪应力输出 0 --
Default; output only torsion-related shear stresses
默认；仅仅输出扭转相关的剪应力
1 --
Output only flexure-related transverse shear stresses
仅仅输出弯曲相关的横向剪应力。
2 --
Output a combined state of the previous two types.
仅仅输出前两种方式的组合状态。
KEYOPT(6)
Output control at element integration point:
在单元积分点输出控制
0 --
Default; output section forces, strains, and bending moments
默认；输出截面力、应变、和弯距
1 --
Same as KEYOPT(6) = 0 plus current section area
和keyopt（6）＝0 相同，加上当前的截面单元
2 --
Same as KEYOPT(6) = 1 plus element basis directions (X,Y,Z)
和keyopt（6）＝1 相同加上单元基本方向（X、Y、Z）
3 --