C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility. D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.
答案 D [推理判断题。一开始作者对freedom的定义是“The essential belief...would take responsibility for the state.”，到雅典人对自由的看法的变化，即逃避责任，再到最后作者说雅典人没有了自由，但自由的概念在数字时代的世界仍然存在，D项“自由需要责任的保障”符合文意。] 【技巧点拨】
如何解决观点态度题？
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible，impossible，seem，strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
1.褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
2.贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。
3.中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
写作意图推断题
[典例] (2016·江苏高考·阅读C )
El Ni?o，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，” was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Ni?o sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.
The weather effects both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Ni?os，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Ni?o in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by $15 billion，partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi-year drought (干旱) in south-east Brazil is becoming worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Ni?o may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Ni?o，in 1997-98，killed around 21，000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Ni?os come with months of warning，and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)，however，just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors，civil conflict is related to El Ni?o’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.
64.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A.To introduce El Ni?o and its origin. B.To explain the consequences of El Ni?o. C.To show ways of fighting against El Ni?o. D.To urge people to prepare for El Ni?o.
答案 D [目的意图题。根据最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Ni?o，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”可知，各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。] 【技巧点拨】
如何解决写作意图类推断题？
要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。
文章来源题或读者对象题
[典例]
Donald John Trump (born June 14，1946)，is an American businessman and politician who became the President-elect of the United States on November 8，2016.Since 1971 he has chaired The Trump Organization，the principal holding company for his real estate ventures and other business interests.During his business career，Trump has built office towers，hotels，casinos，golf courses，and other branded facilities worldwide.
Trump was born and raised in New York City and received a bachelor’s degree in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.In 1971，he was given control of his father Fred Trump’s real estate and construction firm.Trump has appeared at the Miss USA pageants，which he owned from 1996 to 2015，and has made cameo appearances in films and television series.
Trump and his businesses，as well as his three marriages，have received prominent media exposure.He hosted a popular NBC reality show，The Apprentice，from 2004 to 2015.As of 2016，he was listed by Forbes as the 324th wealthiest person in the world，and 156th in the United States，with a net worth of $3.7 billion in October 2016.
Trump first campaigned for the U.S.presidency in 2000，winning two Reform Party primaries.On June 16，2015，Trump again announced his candidacy for president，this time as a Republican.Trump became known for his opposition to illegal immigration and free trade agreements，as well as his frequently non-interventionist views on foreign policy，and quickly emerged as the Republican nomination front-runner.As of March 23，2016，Trump has won 21 contests in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries.
He was elected as the 45th U.S.president in the 2016 election on the Republican ticket，defeating Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton，and is scheduled to take office on January 20，2017.At 70 years old，he will be the oldest person to ever assume the presidency.
1.This passage is mostly probably taken from ________. A.a story book C.a science book
B.a biography book D.an advertisement
答案 B [文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文介绍的是美国新当选的总统特朗普。由此可推知，本文极可能来自于一本人物传记。故选B。] 【技巧点拨】
如何解决文章来源题？
做此类题目要求读者具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身已具备的常识结合起来。做此类题目应从文章的内容和结构来判断其出处。如果来源于报纸，前面一般会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；如果是广告，其格式很容易辨认；产品说明和药品说明也很容易辨认。 [典例] (福建高考·阅读E)
A MENTORING(导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth.