因此拥有一个标记并不意味着拥有完全的支配权。
6)\me.” False. U.S. Copyright law is quite explicit that the making of what are called \works”– works based on or derived from another copyrighted work – is the exclusive province of the owner of the original work. This is true even though the making of these new works is a highly creative process. If you write a story using settings or characters from somebody else’s work, you need that author’s permission.
6)如果基于另外一部作品，我自己编撰了一个故事，那么这部新作品就属于我所拥有。错。美国的版权法十分明确地指出那些所谓\派生作品”的编撰，即以另一部受版权保护的作品为素材或从中演纤出来的作品，是原著作者独有的，即使那些新作品的编撰经过高度创作加工，原著的所有权是不能改变的。因此如果你撰写的故事要用他人作品中的背景或人物。你就需要征得作者的同意。
7)\can’t get me, defendants in court have powerful rights!” Copyright law is mostly civil law. If you violate copyright you would not be charged with a crime, but usually get sued.
7)他们不可能把我怎么样，在法庭上被告也有特权。版权法主要是民事法。如果你违反了版权法，你不会以—个罪犯的名义遭到起诉，但通常会受到民事诉讼。
8) \’t a crime or anything?” Actually, recently in the USA commercial copyrightviolation involving more than 10 copies and value over $2500 was made a felony. So watch out. On the other hand, this is a fairly new, untested statute. In one case an operator of a pirate BBS that didn’t charge was acquitted because he didn’t charge, but congress amended the law to cover that.
8)因而版权侵犯不能算作犯罪？事实上，美国法律最新规定，复制超过10册，价值超过2 500美元的商业版权侵犯就会被定为重罪。因此，你得小心。不过，这是一条相当新的法规，还未在实际案例中得到应用。曾有这样一个案例：—个未收费的BBS盗版者被宣告无罪，就因为他没有收费。在此之后，国会修正了过去的法规以堵塞这个漏洞。
9) \’t hurt anybody – in fact it’s free advertising.” It’s up to the owners to decide if they want the free ads or not. If they want them, they will be sure to contact you. Don’t rationalize whether it hurts the owners or not, ask them. Usually that’s not too hard to do. Even if you can’t think of how the author or owner gets hurt, think about the fact that piracy on the net hurts everybody who wants a chance to use this wonderful new technology to do more than read other people’s flamewars.
9)它不会伤害任何人，事实上这是免费广告。是否需要免费的广告，这应由所有者来决定。如果他们需要，他们肯定会与你联系。不要凭空设想免费广告是否会伤害业主，最好问问他们。通常这样做并非太难。即使你不能想像作者或作品的所有者会受到怎样的伤害，只要想想这个事实，就会一日了然：网上盗版作品无疑对每一个使用者都会造成伤害，人们使用网络这种奇妙的新技术，希望能干番事业，决非仅仅为了阅读他人在网
上的论战。
10) \” To have a copy is not to have the copyright. All the E-mail you write is copyrighted. However, E-mail is not unless previously agreed. So you can certainly report on what E-mail you are sent, and reveal what it says. You can even quote parts of it to demonstrate. Frankly, somebody who sues over an ordinary message would almost surely get no damages, because the message has no commercial value, but if you want to stay strictly in the law, you should ask first. On the other hand, don’t go nuts if somebody posts E-mail you sent them. If it was an ordinary non-secret personal letter of minimal commercial value with no copyright notice (like 99.9% of all E-mail), you probably won’t get any damages if you sue them.
10)他们通过电子邮件发给我—个副本，所以我可以将它张贴出去。有一个副本并不意味拥有版权。你自己写的所有的电子邮件都是有版权的。然而除非事先行约定，电子邮件不受版权保护。所以收到别人给你发送的邮件你当然可以报道和公开它的内容。你甚至可以进行部分引有。坦率地说，由于普通信件没什么商业价值，那些对此提起诉讼的人通常是不会得到赔偿金的，但如果你想要在法律上站得住脚，最好事先征得邮件发送人的同意。当然，如果有人把你发的邮件张贴出来，也不必大发雷霆。如果是普通的、没有秘密可言的私人信件，是不会有什么商业价值和版权标识意义的(像99.9％的电子邮件那样)，即使提起诉讼，也不会得到任何赔偿金的。
1. 他理个发就要收500元，简直不可思议。(charge)
It is simply unbelievable for him to charge 500 dollars for a haircut. 2. 人民赋予你特权，你就应该全心全意为人民服务。(grant)
People grant you the privilege, so you should serve the people wholeheartedly. 3. 天气预报很重要，依据它我们才能决定什么时候出航。(so that)
The weather forecast is very important so that we can decide when to go to sea. 4. 炮声打破了往常周日早晨的宁静，人们强烈预感到战争就要来临。(violate)
The sound of guns violated the usual calm of Sunday morning, and people had a strong feeling that the war was coming.
5. 即使你每分钟看3页，到本周末你无论如何也看不完这本书。(even though)
Even though you read three pages per minute, you will by no means finish the book by the end of this weekend.
第4课文
The study of literature is not only civilized and civilizing — encompassing, as it does, philosophy, religion, the history of events and the history of ideas — but popular and practical. One-sixth of all those who receive bachelor’s degrees from the College of Arts and Sciences are English majors. These graduates qualify for a surprising range of jobs. Their experience puts the lie to the popular superstition that English majors must choose between journalism and teaching: in fact, English majors also receive excellent preparation for future careers in law, medicine, business, and government service.
文学的研究——包含对哲学、宗教、历史事件的发展和观念由来的研究，不仅是文明的,并且有教化作用，而且是流行的和实际的。在所有从文理学院毕业并获得学士学位的人中，有六分之一的人主修英语。让人惊异的是，这些毕业生能胜任范围相当广泛的工作。他们的经验表明，这种广泛流行的偏见是错误的，即英语专业的学生只能从事新闻或教学工作：事实上，主修英语的学生也为未来从事法律、医学、商业和公职等职业做了相当好的准备。
Undergraduates looking forward to law school or medical school are often advised to follow a strict regimen of courses considered directly relevant to their career choices. Future law-school students are advised to take courses in political science, history, accounting, business administration — even human anatomy, and marriage and family life. Future medical school students are steered into multiple science courses — actually far more science courses than they need for entrance into medical school. Surprisingly, many law schools — and medical schools indicate that such specialized preparation is not only unnecessary, but undesirable. There are no \law” courses: the best preparation for law school — and for the practice of law — is that preparation which makes a student capable of critical thinking; of clear, logical self-expression; of sensitive analysis of the motives, the actions, and the thoughts of other human beings. These are skills which the study of English is designed to teach.
有人时常劝告期望上法学院或医学院的大学生要学习与他们的择业有直接联系的严格制定的课程。有人还建议未来法学院的学生应该选修政治、历史、会计、商业管理，甚至人体解剖学、婚姻和家庭生活等课程。未来医学院的学生被引导去学习多种理科课程，实际上，这些课程比他们考入医学院所需要的理科课程要多得多。令人惊讶的是，许多法学院和医学院却指出，如此专门化的准备不但没有必要，而且并不可取。没有什么\法律预科”课程：上法学院和从事法律行业的最好的准备是培养学生能够进行批判性的思考；能够进行清晰的合乎逻辑的自我表述；能够对他人的动机、行动和想法进行敏锐的分析。这些技能也正是英语专业要教给学生掌握的技能。
Entrance into law school, moreover, generally requires a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution, a minimum grade point average, and an acceptable score on The Law School Admission Test (LSAT). This test has three parts. The first evaluates skills in reading comprehension, in figure classification, and in the evaluation of written material. The second part of the test evaluates control of English grammar and usage, ability to organize written materials, and competence to edit. The third part evaluates the student’s general knowledge of literature, art, music, and the natural and social sciences. Clearly an undergraduate major in English is strong preparation for the L.S.A.T.
此外，要进入法学院就读，通常需要具有合格院校颁发的学士学位，还需要拿到最低限度的各课平均积分点，并和在法学院录取考试(L.S.A.T.)中取得一个通得过的分数。这项测试包括三个部份：首先是测试阅读理解、图型分类和书面材料评估等能力。测试的第二个部份是考核对英语语法和词汇用法的掌握能力，组织书面材料的能力和文字编辑的能力。第三个部份是检测学生的文学、艺术、音乐、自然科学和社会科学的一般知识。显而易见，主修英语的学生参加法学院录取考试会得心应手。
As for medical schools, the main requirement for admission is only thirty-two hours of science courses. This requirement is certainly no impediment to a major in English. Moreover many medical schools require a minimum score on the Medical College Admission Test,
another test which offers an advantage to the well-rounded liberal arts student. The M.C.A.T. evaluates four areas of competence: skill with synonyms, s, and word association; knowledge of basic mathematics from fractions through solid geometry; general knowledge of literature, philosophy, psychology, music, art, and the social sciences; and familiarity with those fundamentals of biology, chemistry, and physics taught in high school and in introductory college courses. The English major with a solid, basic grounding in science is well prepared for this test and for medical school, where his or her skills in reading, analysis, interpretation, and precise communication will equip him or her to excel. The study and practice of medicine can only benefit from the insights into human behavior provided by the study of literature.
至于医学院，入学要求主要的一条只是修满32个学时的理科课程。这一要求对主修英语的学生来说肯定不成问题。另外，许多医学院校要求学生必须在医学院入学考试中取得规定的最低分，这一测试对全面发展的文科学生来说又十分有利。医学院入学考试检测四方面的能力：同义词、反义词和词语联想能力；从分数到立体几何学的基本数学知识；文学、哲学、心理学、音乐、艺术和社会科学的常识；以及熟悉中学和大学初始阶段教过的生物学、化学和物理学基本原理的程度。理科基础扎实的主修英语学生完全有能力参加这一考试和医学院入学考试，他们的阅读、分析、阐述和准确交流的能力使他们更胜一筹。学医和行医只会从对人的行为的洞察中受益无穷，而这种洞察却是文学研究才能提供的。
Such insights are obviously also valuable to the student who plans a career in commerce. Such students should consider the advantages of an English major with an emphasis in business: this program is designed to provide a liberal education, as well as to direct preparation for a business career. The need for such a program is clear: graduates with merely technical qualifications are finding jobs in business, but often failing to hold them. Both the Wall Street Journal and the Journal of College Placement have reported that increasing numbers of graduates from reputable business schools find themselves drifting from one job or firm to another, unable to hold a position for longer than twelve months. Employers complain that these apparently promising young men and women are simply not competent communicators: because they are not sufficiently literate, they cannot absorb managerial training; they cannot make effective oral presentations; they cannot report progress or problems in their writing; they cannot direct other workers. Skill in analysis and communication is the essence of management.
很明显，如此的洞察力对计划以经商为业的学生来说也是很有价值的。这样的学生应该考虑的是，挑选主修对商科有侧重的英语课程是有优势的：这种课程的目的在于在提供文科教育的同时，也为从商职业做准备。对这种教育计划的需求是显而易见的：只有技术性资格的毕业生能找到从商工作，但却经常难以居其位。《华尔街杂志》）和《大学生就业杂志》都有报道，说越来越多的著名商学院的毕业生发现他们自己经常从一种工作或一家公司跳槽到另一个工作或另一家公司，在一个工作岗位上干不了十二个月。雇主们抱怨说，这些表面上年轻有为的男女们根本不会有效地交流，因为他们的文字能力不够强；他们不能够从管理人员培训中学到东西；他们不能够进行有效的口头表达；他们不能用书面形式报告他们的工作进展或问题；他们不能够指导其他工作人员。然而，分析和交流的技能却是管理的最根本的需要。