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1.accounting n.»á¼Æ£»»á¼ÆÑ§ account n..ÕË£¬ÕËÄ¿ a/c£»ÕË»§
e.g.T-account: TÐÍÕË»§£»account payableÓ¦¸¶ÕË¿î receivable Ó¦ÊÕÕ˿£»
accountant n.»á¼ÆÈËÔ±£¬»á¼ÆÊ¦ CPA £¨certified public accountant£© ×¢²á»á¼ÆÊ¦ 2.Accounting concepts »á¼ÆµÄ»ù±¾Ç°Ìá
1£©accounting entity »á¼ÆÖ÷Ì壻entity ʵÌ壬Ö÷Ìå 2£©going concern ³ÖÐø¾Óª 3£©accounting period »á¼Æ·ÖÆÚ
financial year/ fiscal year »á¼ÆÄê¶È£¨financial adj.²ÆÎñµÄ£¬½ðÈڵģ» fiscal adj.²ÆÕþµÄ£© 4£©money measurement»õ±Ò¼ÆÁ¿
ÈËÃñ±ÒRMB£¤ ÃÀÔªUS$ Ó¢°÷¡ê ·¨¹ú·¨ÀÉFFr *ȨÔð·¢ÉúÖÆaccrual basis.
accrual n.±¾ÉíÊÇÓ¦¼ÆÎ´¸¶µÄÒâ˼£¬ accrue v.Ó¦¼ÆÎ´¸¶£¬Ó¦¼ÆÎ´ÊÕ£¬ e.g.accrued liabilities£¬Ó¦¼ÆÎ´¸¶¸ºÕ®
3.Quality of accounting information »á¼ÆÐÅÏ¢ÖÊÁ¿ÒªÇó £¨1£©¿É¿¿ÐÔreliability £¨2£©Ïà¹ØÐÔ relevance
£¨3£©¿ÉÀí½âÐÔ understandability £¨4£©¿É±ÈÐÔcomparability
£¨5£©ÊµÖÊÖØÓÚÐÎʽ substance over form £¨6£©ÖØÒªÐÔ materiality £¨7£©½÷É÷ÐÔ prudence £¨8£©¼°Ê±ÐÔ timeliness
4.Elements of accounting»á¼ÆÒªËØ 1£©Assets: ×ʲú
¨C current assets Á÷¶¯×ʲú
cash and cash equivalents ÏÖ½ð¼°ÏÖ½ðµÈ¼ÛÎï £¨bank deposit£©
inventory´æ»õ receivableÓ¦ÊÕÕË¿î prepaid expense Ô¤¸¶·ÑÓà ¨C non-current assets ¹Ì¶¨×ʲú
property £¨land and building£© ²»¶¯²ú, plant ³§·¿, equipment É豸 £¨PPE£©
e.g.The total assets owned by Wilson company on December 31, 2006 was US$1,500,000. 2£©Liabilities: ¸ºÕ®
funds provided by the creditors. creditorծȨÈË£¬ÉÞÏú·½ ¨C current liabilities µ±ÆÚ¸ºÕ® non-current liabilities ³¤ÆÚ¸ºÕ® total liabilities
account payableÓ¦¸¶ÕË¿î loan´û¿î advance from customers Ô¤ÊÕ¿î
bondծȯ£¨ÓÉÕþ¸®·¢ÐÐ, government bond /treasury bondÕþ¸®Õ®È¯£¬¹ú¿âȯ£© debentureծȯ £¨ÓÉÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾·¢ÐУ©
3£©Owners¡¯ equity: ËùÓÐÕßÈ¨Òæ £¨Net assets£© funds provided by the investors. Investor Ͷ×ÊÕß ¨C paid in capital £¨contributed capital£© ʵÊÕ×ʱ¾ ¨C shares /capital stock £¨u.s.£© ¹ÉƱ retained earnings Áô´æÊÕÒæ
ͬʱ¼Çס¼¸¸öµ¥´Êdividend ·Öºì
beginning retained earnings ending retained earnings
¨C reserve ´¢±¸½ð £¨×ʲúÖØ¹À´¢±¸½ð£¬¹ÉƱÒç¼ÛÕË»§£©
e.g.The company offered/issued 10,000 shares at the price of US$2.30 each. 4£©Revenue: ÊÕÈë
sales revenueÏúÊÛÊÕÈë interest revenueÀûÏ¢ÊÕÈë rent revenue×â½ðÊÕÈë 5£©Expense: ·ÑÓÃ
cost of salesÏúÊ۳ɱ¾, wages expense¹¤×Ê·ÑÓÃ
6£©Profit £¨income, gain£©:ÀûÈó net profit, net income 5.Financial statement ²ÆÎñ±¨±í 1£©balance sheet ×ʲú¸ºÕ®±í 2£©income statement ÀûÈó±í
3£©statement of retained earnings ËùÓÐÕßÈ¨Òæ±ä¶¯±í 4£©cash flow statement ÏÖ½ðÁ÷Á¿±í 6.Accounting cycle
1£©journal entries ÈÕ¼ÇÕË general journal ×ÜÈÕ¼ÇÕË general ledger ×Ü·ÖÀàÕË trial balanceÊÔËãÆ½ºâ±í
adjusting entries µ÷Õû·Ö¼ adjusted trial balanceµ÷ÕûºóµÄ ÊÔËãÆ½ºâ±í Financial statements ²ÆÎñ±¨±í closing entry Íê½á·Ö¼ 2£©Dr.¡ªDebit ½è Cr.¡ªCredit ´û Double-entry system ¸´Ê½¼ÇÕË 7.Exercise Á·Ï°
1£©purchases of inventory in cash for RMB£¤3,000 ÏÖ½ðÈËÃñ±Ò3,000Ôª¹ºÂò´æ»õ Dr.inventory 3,000 ½è£º´æ»õ 3,000
Cr.cash 3,000 ´û£ºÏÖ½ð 3,000
2£©sales on account of US$10,000 ÉÞÏú·½Ê½ÏúÊÛ£¬ÊÕÈë10,000ÃÀÔª Dr.account receivable 10,000 ½è£ºÓ¦ÊÕÕË¿î 10,000
Cr.sales revenue 10,000 ´û£ºÏúÊÛÊÕÈë 10,000 3£©paid RMB£¤50,000 in salaries & wages Ö§¸¶¹¤×ÊÈËÃñ±Ò50,000Ôª Dr.wages & salaries expense 50,000 ½è£ºÖ°¹¤Ð½³ê 50,000
Cr.bank deposit 50,000 ´û£ºÒøÐдæ¿î 50,000 4£©cash sale of US$1,180 ÏúÊÛÊÕÈëÏÖ½ð1,180ÃÀÔª
Dr.cash 1,180 ½è£ºÏÖ½ð 1,180
Cr.sales revenue 1,180 ´û£ºÏúÊÛÊÕÈë1,180 5£©pre-paid insurance for US$12,000 Ô¤¸¶±£ÏÕ·Ñ12,000ÃÀÔª Dr.prepaid insurance 12,000 ½è£ºÔ¤¸¶±£ÏÕ 12,000
Cr.bank deposit 12,000 ´û£ºÒøÐдæ¿î 12,000
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1.Inventory n. ´æ»õ£¬¿â´æ£¨c.f.stockӢʽӢÓïÓ÷¨£©
³£¼û´Ê×é inventory turnover ´æ»õÖÜתÂÊ inventory control ´æ»õ¿ØÖÆ beginning inventory³õʼ´æ»õ ending inventory ÆÚÄ©´æ»õ take a physical inventory Å̿⠳£¼ûµÄ´æ»õÐÎʽ£º Type of business Merchandising company Type of inventory Merchandise inventory ÉÌÆ·´æ»õ Raw materials Ô²ÄÁÏ Manufacturing company Work in process£¨WIP£©£¨´¦ÔÚÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖеģ©ÔÚÖÆÆ·£¬°ë³ÉÆ· Finished goods³ÉÆ· 2.Inventory valuation´æ»õµÄ¼ÛÖµ¼ÆÁ¿ cost n. ³É±¾£¬·ÑÓÃ
direct costs Ö±½Ó³É±¾ indirect costs ¼ä½Ó³É±¾ fixed costs ¹Ì¶¨³É±¾ cost accounting ³É±¾»á¼Æ
v. »¨·Ñ
e.g. The office furniture of our company costs us $5,000. unit cost µ¥¸ö³É±¾ total cost ×ܳɱ¾
cost of sales £¨COS£© = cost of goods sold£¨CGS£©Ïú»õ³É±¾ sales revenue ÏúÊÛÊÕÈë ÕâÁ½¸ö´Ê¾³£±»·ÅÔÚÒ»Æð×ö¼ÆËã
Lecture examples:
¢ÙA company sold 15 computers for US$1000 each. ij¹«Ë¾ÒÔ1000ÃÀԪһ̨µÄ¼Û¸ñÊÛ³öµçÄÔ¹²15̨¡£ Sales revenue: US$1,000¡Á15 = US$15,000 [´ðÒɱàºÅ811020101]
¢ÚA company sold 15 computers costing US$800 each for total US$15,000. ij¹«Ë¾ÏúÊÛ³öµçÄÔ15̨£¬Ã¿Ì¨³É±¾Îª800ÃÀÔª£¬¹²ÊÕÈë15,000ÃÀÔª¡£ cost of sales: US$800¡Á15 = US$12,000
Dr.bank deposit $15,000 ½è£ºÒøÐдæ¿î 15,000 Cr.sales revenue $15,000 ´û£ºÖ÷ÓªÒµÎñÊÕÈë 15,000 Dr.cost of sales $12,000 ½è£ºÖ÷ÓªÒµÎñ³É±¾ 12,000
Cr.inventory--computer $12,000 ´û£º¿â´æÉÌÆ·¡ªµçÄÔ 12,000 [´ðÒɱàºÅ811020102] 3.³õʼ³É±¾¼ÆÁ¿
The inventory should be measured at cost. Cost includes the following: ²É¹º³É±¾purchase£¨price£© ÔË·Ñfreight ´æ´¢storing cost ±£ÏÕ·Ñinsurance ˰·Ñtax װж·Ñ loading and unloading cost
e.g.During July, 2007, the company purchased 200 sets of sunshine brand printers at the price RMB£¤410 each. RMB£¤300 of freight were also paid. Dr. printer 82,300 Cr. bank deposit 82,300 ½è£º¹Ì¶¨×ʲú¡ª´òÓ¡»ú 82300 ´û£ºÒøÐдæ¿î 82300 4.·¢³ö´æ»õµÄ³É±¾¼ÆÁ¿
Specific identification ¸ö±ð¼Æ¼Û·¨ unit cost ¡Á no. of unit = total cost Weighted average ¼ÓȨƽ¾ù·¨
unit Unit cost £¨$£© Total cost £¨$£© 5,000 8,400 3,300 2,240 any 1000 units among 1800 Unit sold Beginning inventory, 500 10.00 May 1 Purchase, May 7 Purchase, May 20 Purchase, May 26 800 10.50 300 11.00 200 11.20