名词的功用。当主语，补语，受词
1. 名词的种类单数/复数
普通名词 book pencil. Dog. Spaceship宇宙飞船、 集合名词 class, family, audience 听众。
例如 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。
2.My family are all early risers 起早的人。我家人都起的很早. 专用名词 Bob, Smith, April, London.-----专用名词前不能加冠词不加S
下面的专用名词需要加上定冠词。
The united states . 美国 The united Nations .联合国。
物质名词glass wood paper butter fruit 数字＋容器（度量衡）＋ of ＋物质名词
a loaf of bread 一片面包。 Loaves of bread 很多面包 A cup of coffee. 一杯咖啡。 A sheet of paper. 一张纸。 Two sheets of paper.两张纸 A spoonful of sugar 一勺糖。
抽象名词beauty美丽 honesty诚实 love爱 patience 耐心 happiness 幸福 music 音乐。 2. 名词的数单数/ 个数2 以上是复数
名词字尾加s 大多数 dogdogs bookbooks girlgirls
名词字尾为s.sh.ch.x.o加es classes buses dishes benches boxes 名词字尾为子音加o，加es 如tomatoes 例外photos pianos 名词字尾为＋y 的复数名词要去y ＋ ies
baby-babies story-stories city-cities lady-ladies
名词字尾为f 或fe 去 f/fe ＋ ves如 leaf-leaves knife-knives wife-wives 例外handkerchiefs chiefsroofs
不规则变化的复数名 名词字尾加 en , 或 ren 如 Ox-oxen , child-children
改变母音如man-men woman-women goose-geese tooth-teethmouse-mice 单复数同形如 fishdeer sheep chineses japanese
One fishtwo fish(个) a kind of fish two kinds of fishes（种）
3. 名词的所有格
单数名词：名词's 例如 The boy's schoolbag/ Joan's dress
复数名词：名词s' 例如 a girls' school/ these students' teacher 字尾非s 的复数名词:名词's 例如 children's playground操场 特别注意的所有格用法 共同所有格：名词＋名词＋名词's
个别所有格：名词's＋名词's＋名词's
1 Harry and Bill's father is a scientist
2.Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists （无）生物所有格： A的BB of A
the legs of the table the door of the car
the girl's name有生命的东西可以这样用the name of the girl 所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略 1. she's going to the dentist's
2． I met him at the barber's（shop）
3. We like to eat lunch at McDonald's.我们在麦当老吃午餐。
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4．冠词
分为不定冠词a/an及定冠词the,它通常放在名词前用来修饰名词
a/an 的用法
子音开头的单数用a a book a girl a young a man
母音开头的单数用an母音有5个(ＡＥIＯＵ)anapple an umbrella an old woman a/an 的发音
I read a novel.
I read a novel,not two.
the的用法----母音前读（they）子音前的读（the） the apple the novel
Please shut the door.特指一定要加the
The rich aren't always happy.the+形容词泛指“~~~的人”。
一般动词的现在时
1. be 动词的现在时am are is是… 在…
We are happy. She is in America.
主词（S）＋be动词(V)
第一人称I am a boy.
第二人称、第三人称they/复数名词you、they、复数＋are
You are my sons.你们是我的儿子。
第三人称单数+is. He is my student. Be 动词的否定:am/are/is＋not
He is not a good baseball player. He isn't a good baseball player. He’s not a good baseball player. are not aren’t
Be动词的疑问句
肯定句:主词＋am/are/is 疑问句:am/are/is＋主词
That is his camera. Is that his camera?
The girl is a junior high school student. senior high school 高中 Is the girl a junior high school student?junior high school 初中
Be动词开头的疑问句可用yes或no回答: Yes,S be. No,S be not.
Is that man your math teacher？ Yes,he is. No,he isn't No,he is my PE teacher.
Are you eating your lunch？ Yes, I am. No,Iam not.
2. 一般动词的现在式习惯性的动作正在做的动作
主词＋一般动词现在时中主词为第三人称单数：一般动词＋s或es
Ilikedogs. We like dogs.
You like dogs. You like dogs.
He likes dogs. They like dogs.第三人称单数＋s
一般动词加s或es的方法:
大部分动词加s发音为s或z。works无声[s]， plays有声[z] 一般动词字尾为osshch时加esgoes[z] washes[iz] watches[iz] 一般动词字尾音为y时去y加ies crycries studystudies
Have和hashave（有/吃）的单数动词为has。Theyhave a lot of money.(不可数)
He hasa lot of money. 三单数用has
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一般动词的否定句:不可在一般动词后加not必须用助动词do/does
do用于主词为Iyou 复数
does用于主词为第三人称单数
否定句:主词＋do/does＋not＋原型动词
The twin brothers go to school by bus.
The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. don't Sam has dinner at the restaurant.
Sam doesn'thavedinner at the restaurant.
一般动词的疑问句：Do/Does＋主词＋动词原型。
You visit your grandmother on Sunday.
Do you visit your grandmother on Sunday? He comes from England.
Does he come from England？
do/does开头的疑问句回答:用yes/no之后用do/ does回答
Does the little boy go to school?
Yes,he does. No,he doesn't
一般过去式
be动词一般动词的过去式
be 动词的过去式was/were am/is-as are-were
过去时be动词的动词表示过去时间中发生的状态，现在不
现在式 He is busy now.
过去式 He was busy then.那时他很忙。
时间副词改变，动词时态也必须改变。
My parents are at home now。我的父母现在在家。
My parents were at home yesterday.我的父母昨天在家。
Be动词(过去式)的否定句：主词＋was/were＋not
Mr brown was a vet.否定 Mr brown wasn't a vet .
Joe and brian were in the living room at that time.at that time=then 否定 Joe and brian weren't in the living room at that time , Be动词过去式的疑问句： was/were＋主词
Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. Wendy去年读7年级。 Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year?
Were you a pianist? Piano 钢琴 pianist钢琴家。
Yes,I was. No,I wasn't.
一般动词的过去式：规则变化/不规则变化
规则变化+ed [t][d][id],无声则[t]，有声则[d],字尾是[t]或[d]则[id] 原型动词＋ed helped[p][t] spelled [l][d]wanted [t][id]needed 原型动词有e＋d loveddancedanced 有例外write worte 原型动词为子音＋短母音＋子音（本身比较短）：重复字尾加ed如stopped planned 原型动词为子音有y,去y加ied 如 study-studied cry-cried 不规则变化
eat-ate
read（瑞得）-read （瑞爱得）注意写法一样读音不同
ride-rode come-came have-had see-saw go-went teach-taught give-gave take-took
I walk to school every day.I walked to school yesterday.
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动词随着时间改变形态
Mother goes to a supermarket every morning.
Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. 主词为第三人称单数过去式不需加s。过去式不分人称 一般动词（过去式）的否定句:需用助动词 Did/Do 肯定句:主词+一般动词过去式 否定句:主词+did not+动词原型
He called you last night.
He didin't call you last night.
My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday.
Mysister and I didn't watch TV all day yesterday.并非看了一整天电视，看了
notall 并非didn'tall 并非
一般动词（过去式）的疑问句 肯定句：主词＋一般动词过去式
疑问句：Did＋主词＋原型
His friends went to that movie last week.他的朋友们上周去看电影了。 Did his friends go to that movie last week？
Grace wrote a letter to David. Did Grace write a letter to David? Yes,she did. No,she didn't.
代名词
人称代词 人称代词 主格 宾格 汉语 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 汉语 第一人称单数 I me 我 my mine 我的 第二人称单数 you you 你 your yours 你的 第三人称单数 he/she/it him/her/it 他/她/它 his/her/its his/hers/its 他的/她的/它的 第一人称复数 we us 我们 our ours 我们的 第二人称复数 you you 你们 your yours 你们的 第三人称复数 they them 他（她、它）们 their theirs 他（她、它）们的 主格，所有格，受格的用法：
主格＋动词He likes sports.
所有格＋名词His friends are over there.他的朋友们都在那里。
一般动词＋受词/ 介系词The girl loves him very much.这个女孩非常爱他。 who is it ? 你是谁啊？（没有看见的时候问的）
It's I.(正常)
It's me.这个用的人多。
it的用法:
it 可表示天候时间距离等等
1. It rains a lot of in taipiei in spring. 在春天的台北下很多雨。
2. It was two o'clock when he came back.当他回到家时是2点钟了。
3. It's five kilometers from here to the airport. 从这里到机场有5公里。
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