ox有时用来拉重物，起复数形式为oxen，cow常指家牛(cattle)中的公牛或母牛；bull特别指公牛；牛总称为cattle。
4. No wonder boy babies are so popular. (Para.3) no wonder: not surprising 怪不得；不奇怪
e.g. You have been out every evening this week. No wonder you?re tired. 这星期你每天晚上都外出，怪不得你觉得累。
5. The boy will provide for his wife after marriage, so the girl?s family is expected to set the couple up before marriage, even if her father is only a shepherd. (Para.4) provide for sb.: give sb. all that he/she needs to live on 养活；赡养; e.g. Robin has four children to provide for. 罗宾要抚养四个孩子。 set sb. up:1) provide sb. with what is necessary or useful
提供必需或有用的东西
e.g. The teacher set me up with a lot of readings. 老师为我提供了大量的读物。
2) start in business 开车；开始经商
e.g. His father set him up in business. 他的父亲帮助他在商界立足。
6. Once the couple is officially engaged it is not unusual for them to live together, to all purposes as husband and wife. (Para.6)
Meaning: Once the couple is officially engaged, some couples live together practically as husband and wife.
中文翻译：双方一旦正式订婚，住在一起是很平常的事，俨然就是一对夫妻。 7. The couple then has a few days to recover before the man?s village stages its own party in honor of the new couple ... (Para.10)
recover: v. 1)return to the proper state of strength or health
恢复体力；恢复健康
e.g. She needs a good rest to recover after her ten-hour flight. 乘坐了10个小时的飞机之后，她需要好好休息以恢复体力。
2) get back or bring back 找回；重新获得;
e.g. The company hopes to recover the cost of developing this product within about two years.
公司希望在大约两年内收回开发这种产品的成本。 in honor of: show respect to 为了（向某人）表示敬意; e.g. A party was given in honor of the guests from Bonn. 为来自波恩的宾客举行了欢迎酒会。
Ⅲ. Word & Phrases
1. thread n. [C] a long thin piece of cotton, wool, etc. that one uses for sewing with a needle (缝纫用的) 线
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e.g.There is a piece of cotton thread on the table. 桌上有一根棉线。
v. put a thread, etc. through the hole in sth. 穿针、线等
e.g. The old woman is threading a needle. 那个老妇人正在穿针。 2. slave v. work very hard just like a slave 苦干
e.g.He slaves through lunch hour. 他午饭时间都拼命干。
n. [C] sb. who belongs to another person and must work for that person for no money 奴隶；苦工
e.g.He treats his workers like slaves. 他把工人们当作奴隶一样对待。 3. cattle n. (pl.) cows kept on farms for meat or milk（总称）牛 e.g.He has twenty cattle on his farm. 他的农场里养着20头牛。 4. cart n. [C] sth. with two or four wheels, pulled by a man or an animal
双轮或四轮力车；手推车
e.g.They sent him to the hospital by cart. 他们用手推车把他送到医院。
v. carry in a cart; take or carry sth. somewhere, often with difficulty 用车装运；（吃力地）运
e.g.They carted away the mountains of rubbish. 他们用车子把堆积如山的垃圾运走了。 5. gather v. ①come together 聚集
e.g.A crowd gathered to see what had happened. 一群人聚拢来看发生了什么事情。
②bring things together 收集
e.g.He likes to gather stamps in his spare time. 他业余时间喜欢收集邮票。
③understand from sth. said or done; guess 推断，推测，猜测
e.g.I didn't gather much from the story he told me. 我无法从他所讲的故事中得到什么东西。 e.g. I gather she's been ill. 我估计她是病了。
6. button v. cause to close or fasten with buttons 用纽扣扣上
e.g. Button your coat - it's cold outside. 把上衣扣上，外面很冷。
n. [C] a small round thing on clothes that you push through a small hole 纽扣；扣子
e.g. One of the buttons on my jacket has come off. 我的夹克掉了一粒纽扣。
Ⅳ Exercises
5.1 Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. (P115) item engage
congratulation recover gather duty 30
attend sew bake cattle button slave 1. He made a check list with English letters. Each letter represented a(n) _____to be checked.
Key: item check list 检查表，核对表
2. I don?t think we are expected to take up more _____after a hard day in the shop. Key: duties
3. He saw that her coat was wrongly _____up, but he didn?t tell her. Key: buttoned
4. The text books are designed in such a way that they will really _____the interest of teachers and students. Key: engage
engage v. (formal) to attract someone and keep their interest 吸引（某人的兴趣）
5. A smell of newly _____bread comes from the kitchen! Key: baked
6. She tried to _____the pages together so that her father would have no difficulty in reading them.
Key: gather have difficulty in doing sth. 做……有困难
7. When the old doctor who had _____her died suddenly, a young man took over the practice.
Key: attended take over: 接管，接替
8. It is very sad to find that men and women _____over winter and summer for a little bread to feed their children. Key: slaved
5.2 Translate the following sentences into English using the words in the brackets. (P115) 1. 一个人一生中最美好、最幸福的重大事件之一发生在举行婚礼的那天。(take place) One of the most beautiful and happiest events in one?s life takes place on the day in which one?s wedding is held.
2. 她的母亲辛辛苦苦地缝制绵织品。(slave)
Her mother slaved over the task of sewing cotton items. 3. 许多人为准备婚礼而花费很多时间和金钱。(prepare for)
Many people spend a lot of time and money in preparing for their wedding parties.
4. 过去，姑娘出嫁时要带许多东西到丈夫家去，包括被褥、床单、大衣橱等。(include) In the past, at her wedding, a girl was expected to bring many things to her husband?s house, including quilts, sheets, a large clothes chest and so on. 5. 男女订婚一年后举行婚礼，这是一种传统习俗。(be engaged)
It is a traditional custom that a couple?s marriage takes place one year after they are engaged.
5.3 Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (P116)
1. Every member of the village is invited, and excitement builds up during the days before the wedding.
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每个村民都受到邀请，在婚礼之前的日子里，兴奋的情绪日益高涨。
2. As far as the bride is concerned, her family has been preparing for her wedding ever since she was born.
就新娘来说，她的家人从她一出生起就一直在为她的婚礼做准备。
3. Meanwhile her father has been saving money, because it?s the duty of the bride?s family to provide a home for the new couple.
同时她父亲一直在存钱，因为为新婚夫妇安个家是新娘家的责任。
4. Cattle, goats, money, an ox and cart, a television and nowadays a washing machine too — some, or perhaps all of these can be included, depending on the girl?s family income. 牛、山羊、钱、一辆牛车、一台电视机，如今还要一部洗衣机—嫁妆里包括其中的一部分或全部，这要视女方家庭的收入情况而定。
5. Outside the church the man and woman receive the guest?s noisy congratulations, before everyone goes to the couple?s house to start celebrating.
新娘新郎在教堂外面接受客人们热闹的道贺，之后大家都到新人家里去。 V. Spotlight on Grammar 表示原因的连词
(1) Meanwhile her father has been saving money, because it?s the duty of the bride?s family to provide a home for the new couple,… (Passage A, Unit 6)
(2) As she grew up, she herself quite possibly used needle and thread to help her mother and grandmother slave over the task of sewing enough cotton items to fill a large chest, for, at her marriage she is expected to provide as many as 100 sheets,… (Passage A, Unit 6)
(3) And since she cleaned many houses each week, we had a great many of them. (Passage A, Unit 5)
(4) He fell asleep on the sofa, as he was so tired.
上面四例中分别包含英语中较常用的表示原因的连词because, for, since, as。这些连词在意义和用法上都不尽相同。在用法方面，because, since, as都是从属连词，用来引导原因状语分句；而for是并列连词，用来连接分别表示结果和原因的两个并列分句。 because是这四个连词中语势最强的一个，它表示的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，而且通常是造成某一结果的直接原因， 因此由它所引导的原因状语分句往往是句中最重要的部分，于是也就经常被放在句末（当然有时也可放在句首）。例如： He sold his car because it was too small.
I didn?t buy the TV set because it was too expensive. Because it was raining, I didn?t go out for a walk. since和as区别不大（since比as略为正式），通常表示听话人已知的原因。带有since / as的句子的侧重点往往在于结果，而原因只是附带说明。由since / as引导的原因状语分句经常放在句首（也可放在句末）。例如：
Since you refuse to give advice, I shall be forced to ask Mr. Jackson for advice. As you didn?t answer my letter, I wrote again.
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