3． 一般过去时和过去进行时
一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时
间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。 如：
I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完) I was reading a book last month. (书未读完)
— Has Sam finished his homework today? — I have no idea. He ________it this morning.
A．did
B．has done
C．was doing D．had done
【解析】 C 此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这一关键信息可知，说话者对是
否完成并不知道，因此用进行时，表示今天上午在做。 4． 一般过去时和过去完成时
判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作①，然后判断在
这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作②，并且判断该句是否强调②发生在①前。
The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.
5． 完成时和完成进行时的用法比较
现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行
时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作的延续。 如：
(1) —Why does the river smell terrible?
—Because the water________.
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A．have polluted B．is being polluted C．has been polluted D．have been polluted
【解析】 C 考查完成时和完成进行时的用法和主谓一致。根据问句可知所填动词表
示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是the water，谓语动词用单数，选C。
(2) He ________ articles for our newspaper these years, and he ________about 40 articles.
A．has written；has written B．has been writing；writes C．is writing；has been writing D．has been writing；has written
【解析】 D 考查完成时和完成进行时的用法。由句意知“这些年他一直在写”，用has
been writing；“已写完了”用has written。
三、被动语态
动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语
态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be ＋ 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。
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1 2 3 常用被动语态 构成 (以ask为例) 常用被动语态 构成 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being 10 含有情态动词can/must/may be asked asked 的被动语态
注意被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动事项 语态不可漏掉其中的介词或副词。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. “get ＋ 过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。如：She got married last week. He fell off the car and got killed. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
注不 不及物动词及短语没有被动语态，如：happen, take place, last, break 意用out, come about, come out等。如：The book came out last year. The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any agreement. 11
事被 系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, 项 动stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等都没有被动语态。如：The food 语tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan proved (to be) practical. It 态的cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, shut, dry, start。这类动词一般情不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如： The book sells well. 这本书很畅况
销。 My pen won't write. 我的笔写不出字来。 This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。 The door won't lock. 这门锁不上。 The engine won't start. 引擎发动不起来。 The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。 has gone bad. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词不需用被动语态。如read, write, act, 1． —Hi, Lucy, you look tired.
2． Nancy is not coming tonight. But she ________！(promise)
—I'm really tired. I ________the living room all day. A．painted B．had painted C．have been painting D．have been painted
【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别，而误选D。
【正】 C 表示我一整天都在刷房子，应该用现在完成进行时。
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