19. 证明:(?U?V)p?Cp?p()p ?T?T?H)p,U?H-pV?T证明:恒压下,将上述对T微分:
?U?H?V?V()p?()p?p()p=Cp?p()p?T?T?T?TCp?(20. 证明:Cp?CV??(证明:
?p?H)V[()T?V] ?T?p?H?H)pdT?()Tdp?T?p?H?H?H?p恒V对T微分,得:()V?()p?()T()V?T?T?p?T对H微分得:dH?(H?U?pV,恒容下对T微分得:?H?U?p()V?()V?V()V(2)?T?T?T?H?U()p?Cp,()V?CV(3)?T?T结合(),(12)和(3)式得:?H?p?pCp?()T()V=CV?V()V?p?T?T?p?H则:Cp-CV=-()V[()T?V]?T?p(1)
21.葡萄糖发酵反应如下:C6H12O6 (s) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
已知葡萄糖在100kPa、298K下产生-67.8kJ的等压反应热,试求该反应的热力学能变化ΔU为多少? 解:
?H??U+RT?n?U??H?RT?n??67800?8.314?298?2??72.76kJ
22. 25℃的0.5g正庚烷在恒容条件下完全燃烧使热容为8175.5 J/K的量热计温度上升了2.94℃,求正庚烷在25℃完全燃烧的ΔH。 解:正庚烷完全燃烧反应式:C7H16 (l) + 11O2 (g) → 7CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l), Δn = -4
0.5g正庚烷恒容下燃烧放热:Q?-CV?T?-8175.5?2.94?-24.036kJ100g(1mol)正庚烷恒容下燃烧放热:?U=QV=???100Q0.5
100?8175.5?2.94??4807.194kJ0.5?H?Qp?QV??nRT??4807194?(?4)?8.314?298??4817.1kJ
23. 试求下列反应在298K,101.325kPa时的恒压热效应。
(1)2H2S (g) + SO2 (g) = 2H2O (l) + 3s (斜方) QV = -223.8 kJ
Δn = -3, Qp = QV +ΔnRT = -223800-3×8.314×298=-231.2 kJ (2) 2C (石墨) + O2 (g) = 2CO (g) QV = -231.3 kJ
Δn = 1, Qp = QV +ΔnRT = -231300+1×8.314×298=-228.8 kJ (3) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) = 2HCl (g) QV = -184 kJ
Δn = 0, Qp = QV = -184 kJ
24. 某反应体系,起始时含10 mol H2和20 mol O2,在反应进行的t时刻,生成了4 mol H2O。请计算下述反应方程式的反应进度: (1)H2 + 0.5 O2 = H2O
???nB?B?nB?4?4 1(2) 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
???B?nB?4?2 2(3)0.5H2 + 0.25 O2 = 0.5H2O
???B?4?8 0.5
25. 已知下列反应在298K时的热效应:
(1)Na (s) + 0.5 Cl2 (g) = NaCl (s) ΔrHm,1 = -411 kJ (2) H2 (g) + S (s) + 2O2 (g) = H2SO4 (l) ΔrHm,2 = -811.3 kJ (3) 2Na (s) + S(s) + 2O2 (g) = Na2SO4 (s) ΔrHm,3 = -1383 kJ (4) 0.5 H2 (g) + 0.5 Cl2 (g) = HCl (g) ΔrHm,4 = -92.3 kJ
求反应2 NaCl (s) + H2SO4 (l) = Na2SO4 (s) + 2HCl (g) 在298K时的ΔrHm和ΔrUm。
解:该反应
ΔrHm=2ΔrHm,4 +ΔrHm,3 - 2ΔrHm,1-ΔrHm,2
=2×(-92.3)+(-1383)-2×(-411)-(-811.3)=65.7 kJ ΔrUm = ΔrHm - ΔnRT = 65700 - 2×8.314×298 = 60.74 kJ
26. 已知下述反应298K时的热效应:
(1)C6H5COOH (l) + 7.5O2 (g) = 7CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) ΔrHm,1 = -3230 kJ (2) C (s) + O2 (g) = CO2 (g) ΔrHm,2 = -394 kJ (3) H2 (g) + 0.5O2 (g) = H2O(l) ΔrHm,3 = -286 kJ 求C6H5COOH (l)的标准生成热ΔfHmθ。
解:7 C (s) + 3 H2 (g) + O2 (g) = C6H5COOH (l) ΔfHmθ[C6H5COOH (l)] = 7× ΔrHm,2 + 3 × ΔrHm,3 - ΔrHm,1 = 7 × (-394) + 3 × (-286) - ( -3230) = -386 kJ/mol
27. 已知下列反应298K时的热效应:
(1) C(金刚石)+ O2(g)= CO2 (g) ΔrHm,1 = -395.4 kJ (2) C (石墨) + O2(g)= CO2 (g) ΔrHm,2 = -393.5 kJ 求C(石墨)=C(金刚石)在298K时的ΔrHmθ。
解:ΔrHm,3=ΔrHm,2 -ΔrHm,1 = -393.5-(-395.4)=1.9 kJ/mol
28. 试分别由生成焓和燃烧焓计算下列反应: 3C2H2 (g) = C6H6 (l) 在101.325kPa和298.15K时的ΔrHm和ΔrUm。 解:由生成焓查表:ΔfHm [C2H2 (g)] = 227.0 kJ/mol, ΔfHm [C6H6 (l)] = 49.0 kJ/mol ΔrHm=ΔfHm [C6H6 (l)] - 3ΔfHm [C2H2 (g)] = 49 - 3×227.0 = -632 kJ/mol
由燃烧焓查表:ΔCHm [C2H2 (g)] = -1300 kJ/mol, ΔCHm [C6H6 (l)] = -3268 kJ/mol ΔrHm=3ΔCHm [C2H2 (g)] –ΔCHm [C6H6 (l) ]= 3×(-1300) – (-3268) = -632 kJ/mol ΔrUm = ΔrHm - ΔnRT = -632000 – (-3)×8.314×298.15 = -624.6 kJ/mol
29. KCl(s)在298.15K时的溶解过程:
KCl(s)= K+ (aq, ∞) + Cl- ( aq, ∞) ΔrHm = 17.18 kJ/mol
已知Cl- ( aq, ∞)和KCl(s)的摩尔生成焓分别为 -167.44 kJ/mol和-435.87 kJ/mol ,求K+ (aq, ∞)的摩尔生成焓。
解:ΔrHm =ΔfHm[K+ (aq, ∞)] + ΔfHm[Cl- (aq, ∞)] -ΔfHm[KCl(s)] ΔfHm[K+ (aq, ∞)] = 17.18 + (- 435.87) – (-167.44) = -251.25 kJ/mol
30. 在298K时H2O (l) 的标准摩尔生成焓为-285.8 kJ/mol,已知在25℃至100℃的温度范围内H2 (g)、O2 (g)及H2O (l)的Cp,m分别为28.83 J/K·mol, 29.16 J/K·mol及75.31 J/K·mol。求100℃时H2O (l)的标准生成焓。 解:
?Cp,m?75.31?28.83?0.5?29.16?31.9J/K?mol???fHm(373K)??fHm(298K)??373298?Cp,mdT
??285800?31.9?(373?298)??283.4kJ/mol
31. 反应N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) 在298K时的ΔrHmθ=-92.88kJ/mol,求此反应
在398K时的ΔrHmθ。已知:
Cp,m (N2, g)= (26.98 + 5.912×10-3T - 3.376×10-7T2) J/K·mol Cp,m (H2, g)= (29.07 + 0.837×10-3T + 20.12×10-7T2) J/K·mol Cp,m (NH3, g)= (25.89 + 33.00×10-3T - 30.46×10-7T2) J/K·mol 解:
?Cp,m??62.41?62.6?10?3T?117.9?10?3T2?fHm(398K)??fHm(298K)????92880??398298??398298?Cp,mdT
(?62.41?62.6?10?3T?117.9?10?3T2)dT??97.09kJ/mol
32. 已知下述反应的热效应:
H2 (g) + I2 (s) = 2HI (g) ΔrHmθ(291K) = 49.455 kJ/mol
且I2(s)的熔点为386.7K,熔化热为16.736kJ/mol. I2 (l) 的沸点为457.5 K,蒸发热为42.677 kJ/mol. I2 (s) 及I2 (l) 的Cp,m 分别为55.64 J/K·mol及62.76 J/K·mol,H2(g)、I2(g)及HI (g)的Cp,m均为3.5R。求该反应在473K时的ΔθrHm。
解:ΔrHmθ (473K) =ΔrHmθ (291K) + n Cp,m [HI (g)](473-291) - n Cp,m [H2 (g)](473-291) – {Cp,m [I2 (s)](386.7-291) + ΔrHm(I2, s) + Cp,m [I2 (l)](457.5 – 386.7) +ΔrHm(I2, l) + Cp,m [I2 (g)](473 - 457.5 ) } = 49455 + 2×3.5×8.314×182 - 3.5×8.314×182 – (55.64×95.7 + 16736 + 62.76×70.8 + 42677 + 3.5×8.314×15.5) = -14.88 kJ/mol
291K386.7K386.7K457.5K457.5K473KH2(g)?I2(s)?2HI(g)?I2(s)?I2(l)?I2(l)?I2(g)?H2(g)?I2(g)?2HI(g)