37
Financial statement analysis 一、基本常识
(一)introduction 1.两套准则
FASB——依据SFAS——得到U.S.GAAP IASB——依据IAS和IFRS——得到IFRS
38
考点:要掌握两种准则间的区别 2.五张报表
(1)balance sheet(B/S)
Financial position——a point in time Asset、owner’s equity、liabilities (2)income statement(I/S)
Financial performance——a period of time Revenue、expense、other income (3)cash flow statement Change in financial position CFO、CFI、CFF
(4)comprehensive income statement IFRS:可以将I/S与OCI合在一起变成此表,也可以单独报告comprehensive income statement U.S.GAAP:与上类似,不过comprehensive income 可以报告在statement of owner’equity CI:股东间交易(发新股、回购股票或分红等)之外引起的股东权益变化的所有因素 CI=NI+OCI
(5)the statement of change in equity 股东权益变动表
反映了股东权益变化的amount及sourse,over a period of time 3.其他相关信息
(1)financial statement notes(footnotes)——会计方法、会计假设、收购处置、员工福利、重大客户改变、关联交易、业务分类、审计情况
(2)supplementary schedules——分区域分业务种类的经营情况、油气类等埋藏量、对冲工具
(3)management’s discussion and Analysis(MD&A)——公司目前经营状况、未来销售预测、资金充足情况现金流预测、未来展望、重大事件及不确定性
(4)Quarterly or semiannul reports——季报半年报,重要数据的更新 (5)SEC要求——10-K、8-K等
(6)proxy statement——股东大会投票、公司管理层情况 (7)corporate reports and press release——公共关系 (8)其他 4.审计
(1)standard
Qualified、unqualified、disclaimer of opinion、adverse opinion (2)internal control system (二)Mechanics 1.elements
(1)分类
Accounts、contra accounts
(2)计量方法(measurement)
Historical cost、amortization cost、current cost、realiable value、present value、fair value
39
2.accounts
(1)asset
1)Cash and cash equivalent 2)Prepaid expense
3)Accrued revenue(account receivable),备抵账户是:allowance for bad debt expense or allowance for doubtful accounts
4)PP&E,备抵账户是accumulated depreciation 5)Defered tax asset 6)Inventory
7)Intangible asset,备抵账户是accumulated amortization 8)Financial asset
9)Investment in affiliates,投资在20%—50%之间的股权投资,非子公司 (2)liability
1)Account payable(accrued expense) 2)Unearned revenue 3)DTL
4)Financial liability 5)Income tax payable
金融负债中的应付票据与应付账款之间的区别在于前者计息后者不计 (3)owner’s equity 1)Capital
2)Additional paid in capital 3)Retained earnings
4)Other comprehensive income(foreign currency translation、pensionDB plan、unrealized from cash flow derivative、unrealized from available for sale) (4)expense 1)COGS
2)Depreciation 3)SG&A
4)Other expense 5)Tax expense 6)Losses 3.报表产生过程
journal entry ——加总变成Day book(general journal)以时间分类————分类账户General ledger——trial balance——statement 4.会计等式
Asset=owner’s equity+liability
Owner’s equity=capital + retained earnings
End Retained earning=beginning retained earnings+NI – dividend(declared) BASE法则
Beginning+addition-substraition=ending
40