国际贸易实务期末考试复习资料
目 录
Ⅰ. Abbreviation ........................................................................................................................... 2
Ⅱ. Multiple choices ...................................................................................................................... 4
Ⅲ. True or false statements ....................................................................................................... 19
Ⅳ. Short questions ..................................................................................................................... 29
Ⅴ. Calculation ............................................................................................................................ 41
国际贸易实务期末考试复习资料
Ⅰ. Abbreviation 缩写 CISG MOFCOM ICC UCP Incoterms 2010 RAFD ECFFE FCL LCL FAQ GMQ OEM CFS CP CY DR to DR F. I. F. O. F. I. O. F. I. O. S. T. IMT M MTO W CIC FPA GA ICC IOP 全称 United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods Ministry of Commerce International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010 Revised American Foreign Trade Definition 1941 export cost for foreign exchange ratio full container loading / load less than container loading / load fair average quality good merchantable quality original equipment manufacturer Container Freight Station Charter Party Container Yard Door to Door Free In Free Out Free In and Out Free In and Out, Stowed & Trimmed International Multi-modal Transportation Measurement Multi-modal Transportation Operator Weight China Insurance Clauses Free from Particular Average General Average Institute Cargo Clauses irrespective of percentage 翻译
PICC SRCC TPND WPA W/W Clause D/D M/T T/T D/P D/A FCI L/C L/G SWIFT URC 522 UCP 600 B/N CIQ C.O. E/L Form A GSP Certificate of Origin S/O CIETAC FDA SGS UL SACI the People?s Insurance Company of China strikes, riots and civil commotions theft, pilferage and non-delivery With Particular Average Warehouse to Warehouse Clauses demand draft mail transfer telegraphic transfer documents against payment documents against acceptance Factors Chain International letter of credit letter of guarantee Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication Uniform Rules for Collection 522 Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 600 Booking Note China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Certificate of Origin Export License Generalized System of Preferences Certificate of Origin FORM A Generalized System of Preferences Certificate of Origin Shipping Order The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission The Food and Drugs Administration Societe Generable DE Surveillance S. A. Underwriter Laboratory the State Administration for Commodity Inspection Ⅱ. Multiple choices
21. There are mainly sets of international rules related to the interpretation of trade terms.
A. two B. three C. four D. five 解：《1932 年华沙－牛津规则》(Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932)、《1941 年美国对外贸易 定义修订本》(Revised American Foreign Trade Definition 1941)和《2010 年国际贸易术语 解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010/Incoterms 2010)是 三套现在还在使用的关于国际贸易术语解释的规定。尽管 Incoterms 2010 使用最广泛,但 也不能忽视了另外两套规定的存在。
22. There are altogether terms defined by the Incoterms 2010. A. 6 B. 9 C. 11 D. 13 解：《2010 年国际贸易术语解释通则》共分 2 组 11 个术语。故答案为 C。
23. Among all the Incoterms imposes the minimum obligation and cost to the seller. A. EXW B. CIF C. DES D. DDP 解：EXW 术语要求卖方交货时,买方要到卖方的场所接受货物,卖方只需把货物划拨 本合同项下,其他连将货物装上买方车辆的义务、费用和风险等卖方都不须承担,也不负 责办理在本国的出口清关事宜。因此,卖方在此术语条件下承担的义务和费用是最小的。
24. Among all the Incoterms imposes the minimum obligation and cost to the buyer.
A. CIF B. FOB C. DDP D. EXW
解：DDP 术语要求卖方把货物一直运送到买方在进口国指定的地点,承担其间所有 相关的义务、费用及风险。在货物到达进口国后,卖方还必须办理当地的进口清关手续并 缴纳关税。因此,卖方在此术语条件下承担的义务和费用是最大的,而对于买方来说则是 最小的。
25. According to the Incoterms 2010 under FCA the risk of goods will be transferred from the seller to the buyer . A. when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer
B. when the goods are delivered to the named place in the exporting country C. when the goods are given to the nominated carrier
D. when the goods are loaded on the vehicle of the carrier
解：FCA 术语下当卖方货交买方指定承运人时就视为完成交货义务。
26. The term CIF should be followed by
. A. named port of shipment B. named place of destination C. named ship?s rail D. named port of destination 解：术语后面的指定地点是构成一个完整术语的重要组成部分。CIF 后面应该跟的
是“指定目的港”(“named port of destination”)。
27. FOB and CFR share one thing that .
A. risk is transferred when the goods pass the ship’s rail
B. they can be used in any mode of transport
C. the seller will be responsible for the unloading at the port of destination
D. none of the above 解：FOB 与 CFR 两术语的共同点之一就是卖方的风险在货物跨过船舷时转移。
28. According to the Incoterms 2010 under CIF if the goods get loose from the hook and fall into the sea during the loading stage, should hold liable for the loss.
A. the buyer B. the seller
C. the carrier D. both the seller and buyer
解：CIF 术语下卖方的风险在货物跨过船舷时转移。如果货物在装船过程中从吊钩 上滑落入海,此时货物未过船舷,所以卖方仍然承担风险。
29. The Incoterms 2010 requires the buyer to handle the import customs clearance except under _.
A. EXW B. FCA C. DDP D. DDU 解：《2010 年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定进一步方便各贸易方的操作。除了 EXW 和 DDP 外,其它 9 个术语都要求贸易商负责在本国的清关手续。DDP 要求卖方负责办理 在进口国的清关事宜,而 EXW 则要求买方负责办理在出口国的清关事宜。
210. Under term it is especially important for the seller to provide shipment notice to the buyer.
A. FOB B. CIF C. FAS D. CFR 解：CFR 情况下买方承担运输过程中的风险但又不负责安排运输,因此卖方及时提 供装船通知给买方变得尤其重要,得到了装运的准确信息买方才能够为货物买保险,以降 低其运输过程中可能出现的损失。
31. A message bearing the content as “… have the intention to purchase 1000 gross ?Black Girl? toothpaste, please quote us the best price and the earliest shipment time” is called .
A. an offer B. an inquiry
C. a counteroffer D. an acceptance
解：文中内容表达了一个购买的意愿,并询问有关价格和船期,所以是一个询盘。
32. If the CIF price of a product is USD100/set, freight charge USD10/set, insurance premium USD10/set, commission rate 2％, the commission payment based on CIF price should be .
A. USD 1. 60/set B. USD 1. 63/set C. USD 2. 00/set D. USD 2. 04/set 解：要计算佣金的金额,就必须先计算出含佣金的 CIF 价格。 CIFC2＝100/(1－2％)＝102 102×2％＝2. 04
33. Which one of the following prices is correctly expressed?
. A. CNY 3. 50 per piece CIF Hong Kong B. USD 3. 50 per piece CIF C. RMB 3. 50 per piece CIFC London D. USD 3. 50 per piece CIFC2 London 解：答案 B 在 CIF 后面漏掉了目的港的名字；答案 C 没有注明佣金的百分比；A 和 D 似乎都正确,由于人民币还不是一个国际通用的货币,所以报价时使用一种通用的外币 更合适,D 是最好的选择。
34. According to CISG, a contract can be established when A. an acceptance becomes effective
.
B. the seller and buyer sign on a written contract
C. the contract is approved by authorities
D. an offer reaches the offeree
解：根据 CISG,当一方接受另一方的报盘时,合同就可以确立了。
5. When the offeree makes modification to , his reply cannot be seen as a counteroffer.
A. the price B. the payment term C. the packing D. the quality and quantity
解：如果一方对另一方的报盘在价格及支付方式、货物质量及数量、交货地点及时 间、双方对对方所负责任和纠纷解决方法上进行重要更改,则被认为是对原报盘进行还 盘。 如果对以上提及内容以外的东西进行修改,则视报盘方的反应而定,不一定构成还盘。
36. An offer will be terminated when .
A. it is rejected B. it is counteroffered C. it is legally revoked D. all of the above 解：一个报盘在以下几种情况下都会被终止:被合法撤回或撤销; 在有效期内未被接 受; 被拒绝或由于不可抗力使报盘中的承诺的义务无法实现。
37. A cabled offer reached the offeree on 12/03. However one day before the offeror had informed the offeree by fax that the offer had been invalid. This act can be considered as . A. a withdrawal of an offer B. an amendment of an offer
C. a new offer D. a revocation of an offer 解：报盘方在初始报盘到达询盘方之前通过另外一则消息终止了原报盘,这是对该报 盘的撤回行为。
38. A foreign buyer cabled that “offer dated 10 Aug. accepted, if 5 ％ commission included”. This is _.
A. an acceptance B. a counteroffer C. an inquiry D. an offer
解：尽管文中出现了“accepted”的字眼,但该则消息对价格进行了修改,所以应被视为 还盘。
39. ABC made an offer to XYZ. Under which condition can the two parties establish a
Deal?
_. A. EFG which is recognized by XYZ accepted the offer within validity period.
B. Based on previous experience, XYZ indicated acceptance without receiving the offer.
C. XYZ accepted the offer within validity period, but suggested earlier shipment. D. Within the validity period, XYZ accepted the offer completely. 解：A 答案中 EFG 并非报盘的对象,他做出的接受没有效力；在 B 答案中 XYZ 没 有收到报盘的情况下表示接受,也是没有依据的；C 答案中 XYZ 提出了“earlier shipment”, 这其实是一个还盘,不是接受。
310. The standard form of a price consists of the following items EXCEPT A. currency B. port or place of destination
. C. unit D. number
解：构成一个正确价格的四要素应该是货币、金额、单位和贸易术语(包括术语名和 港/地名)。
41. Counter sample can also be called
.
A. duplicate sample B. sealed sample C. confirming sample D. reference sample 解：对等样品是卖方根据买方提供的样品加工复制出一个类似的样品并交买方确认, 这种经确认后的样品也称之为“回样”或“确认样品”。
42. Which of the following clauses is appropriate for a contract of sale by sample?
A. “The quality of the goods delivered should be the same as the quality of the sample.”
B. “The quality of the goods delivered should be equal to the quality of the sample.”
C. “The quality of the goods delivered should be about equal to the quality of the sample.”
D. “The quality of the goods delivered should refer to the quality of the sample.”
解：采用凭样成交时,当卖方对品质无绝对把握时,应在合同品质条款中做出品质机 动的规定,如“品质与样品大致相同”中的“大致 about”就起了类似作用,故答案为 C。
43. “1000 pairs of shoes” is an example of using to specify quantity. A. weight B. length C. volume D. number 解：在国际贸易中,不同类型的商品,需采用不同的计量单位。“1000 双鞋子”显然是 按数量计算,故答案为 D。
44.
is NOT frequently used in international trade.
A. Metric System B. British System C. U. S. System D. French System 解：在国际贸易中,通常采用公制(Metric System),英制(British System),美制(U.S. System)和国际单位制(The International System of Units,简称 SI),故答案为 D。
45. The method suitable for measuring the weight of the importing wool is the ． A. theoretical weight B. conditioned weight C. weight settled by the buyers and sellers D. dry net weight 解：国际贸易中的羊毛、生丝等商品有较强的吸湿性,其所含的水分受客观环境的影 响较大,故其重量很不稳定。为了准确计算这类商品的重量,国际上通常采用按公量计算 的办法。
46. If the actual net weight of a shipment of wool is 30 M/T with an actual regain of 20％, the conditioned weight is . (suppose the standard regain is 10％)
A. 25 M/T B. 32.7 M/T C. 27.5 M/T D. 33.75 M/T
解：公量,即以商品的干净重(指烘去商品水分后的重量)加上国际公定回潮率与干净 重的乘积所得出的重量,其计算如下:
Conditioned Weight = Actual Weight × 1 +
1 + 10% ????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? 1 +
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
= 30 × 1 + 20% = 27.5
47. According to UCP600, “about” allows the quantity to be more or less. A. 3％ B. 5％ C. 10％ D. 15％
解：UCP600 Article 30 a. “约”或”大约”用于信用证金额或信用证规定的数量或单价 时,应解释为允许有关金额或数量或单价有不超过 10％的增减幅度,故答案为 C。
48. More or less clause in a sales contract mainly includes the following EXCEPT A. percentage of more or less B. total amount
.
C. party determining the more or less D. pricing for the more or less part 解：数量的增减条款或溢短装条款通常包括数量的机动幅度,机动幅度选择权的规定 以及溢短装数量的计价方法,故答案为 B。
49. A credit stipulates that the quantity of the bulk cargo is 1000M/T and total amount is USD 0.9 million. It shows no “more or less clause” and partial shipment is not allowed. According to the UCP 600, . A. the quantity and total amount of the goods delivered should not increase or decrease. B. the quantity and total amount of the goods delivered can be 10％ more or less. C. the quantity and total amount of the goods delivered can be 5％ more or less. D. the quantity of the goods delivered can be 5％ more or less, while the total amount cannot exceed USD 0. 9m. 解：根据 UCP600 第三十条 b.在信用证未以包装单位件数或货物自身件数的方式规 定货物数量时,货物数量允许有 5％的增减幅度,只要总支取金额不超过信用证金额。所 以只有当货物的数量以重量计算(不是以包装单位件数或货物自身件数的方式规定),且 总支取金额不超过信用证金额,货物数量允许有 5％的增减幅度。故答案为 D。
410. According to international trade practice, unless otherwise stipulated in the contract.
should provide the shipping marks A. the issuing bank B. the sellers C. the buyers D. the carrier
解：按照国际惯例,当合同未对有关的运输标志做出规定时,一般由卖方自行决定,以 保证卖方能在合同规定的船期内发运和交货,故答案为 B。
51. In international cargo transportation, the most widely adopted bill of lading is
.
A. straight bill of lading B. unclean bill of lading
C. bearer bill of lading D. order bill of lading 解：指示提单是指提单的收货人栏填写“凭指定”(To Order)和或“凭某某人指定” (To Order of XXX)字样。这种提单可经过背书转让,故其在国际贸易中广为使用。记名提 单是指提单的收货人栏填明特定收货人名称,只能由该特定收货人提货。这种提单不能通 过背书转让,不能流通,故其在国际贸易中很少使用。不记名提单是指提单的收货人栏没 有注明任何收货人名称,只注明提单持有人字样,承运人把货交给提单持有人。不记名提 单无须背书转让,流通性极强,但风险很大,故在国际贸易中很少使用。而不洁提单是指承 运人在签发的提单上带有明确注明货物及/或包装有缺陷状况的条款或批注的提单。不 洁提单一般不为买家所接受,故在国际贸易中很少使用。故答案为 D。
52. In DES contracts, a reasonable order for time of shipment and time of delivery is
.
A. July 1 and June 1
B. June 1 and July 1 C. June 1 and June 1 D. July 1 and July 1
解：DES 属于到达合同的性质。在按 DES 术语成交时，卖方承担货物运至目的地 的所有费用和风险，即在目的地卖方履行其交货义务。所以，装船期和交货期是两个完 全不同的概念，且装船期在前，交货期在后。故答案为 B。
53. A bill of lading is when its date of shipment is indicated earlier than the actual time of shipment.
A. stale B/L B. confirmed B/L C. ante-dated B/L D. straight B/L
解：在货物装运中,如果货物实际装船完毕日期迟于信用证规定的装运日期,为了使 签发提单日期与信用证规定的装运日期相吻合,以便结汇,承运人应托运人的要求,在提单 上仍按信用证规定的装运日期签发,这种提单称为“倒签提单”。故答案为 C。
54. A (An) represents title to the cargo.
A. CTD B. air waybill C. road waybill D. bill of lading 解：在所有的运输单据中,只有提单是货物所有权的凭证。提单在法律上具有物权证 书的作用,货物抵达目的港后,承运人应向提单的合法持有人交付货物。故答案为 D。
55. In the import and export business, can be made out to negotiable document. A. a rail waybill B. an ocean B/L
C. an air waybill D. a parcel post receipt 解：在所有的运输单据中,只有海运提单是货物所有权的凭证。提单在法律上具有物
权证书的作用,货物抵达目的港后,承运人应向提单的合法持有人交付货物,提单可以通过 背书转让,从而实现转让货物的所有权。故答案为 B。
56. The bill of lading presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination is a . A. stale B/L B. confirmed B/L
C. ante-dated B/L D. straight B/L.
解：过期提单是指错过规定的交单期或晚于货物到达目的港日期的提单。故答案为 A。
57. A “freight to be collected” B/L is acceptable to the buyer when the contract is based
on . A. FOB B. CFR C. FCA D. CPT 解：根据 Incoterms 2010，只有在 FOB 合同中卖方不需要负责运输合同并承担主要 运输费。故答案为 A。
58. A
normally has regular scheduled departures, specified routes and
comparatively fixed freight rates.
A. time charter B. voyage charter
C. conference liner D. non-conference liner 解：班轮运输一般具有的特点有：船舶按照固定的船期表,沿着固定的航线和港口来 往运输。而相对于非公会同盟班轮,公会同盟班轮的运费率更加固定。故答案为 C。
59. An order B/L with blank endorsement is a B/L showing
.
A. neither the name of consignee nor the name of transferor
B. neither the name of consignee nor the name of transferee
C. both the name of consignee and the name of transferor
D. both the name of consignee and the name of transferee
解：指示提单是指提单的收货人栏填写“凭指定”(To Order)和/或“凭某某人指定” (To Order of XXX)字样。这种提单可经过背书转让,背书的方式有“空白背书(Blank Endorsement)”和“记名背书”。其中的“空白背书”是指背书人(提单转让人)在提单背 面签名,而不注明被背书人(提单受让人)名称。故答案为 B。
510. A (An) B/L refers to the one that is made out to a designated consignee.
A. straight B. order C. specific order D. bearer
解：记名提单是指提单的收货人栏填明特定收货人名称,只能由该特定收货人提货。 故答案为 A。
61. The main document adopted by the insured to make claims against the insurer is
.
A. bill of lading
C. insurance certificate
B. transportation documents D. insurance document 解：A、B 和 D 都是索赔所需的文件,其中 D 保险文件是最主要的；C 含括在 D 中, 故最好的答案为 D。
62. Perils of the sea, such as vessel being stranded or grounded covered in an insurance policy is one kind of . A. natural calamities B. fortuitous accident
C. general extraneous risks D. special extraneous risks
解：风险包括海上风险(perils of the sea)和外来风险(extraneous risks)两种,C 和 D 不 是海上风险,而是外来风险,故不对；题中的海上风险属于 B 意外事故,不是 A 自然灾害, 答案是 B。
63. According to “Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People?s Insurance Company of China”, the coverage which cannot be effected independently is .
A. FPA B. WPA C. War Risk D. All Risks
解：FPA、WPA 和 All Risks 是我国海运货物保险的三个基本险别,可以单独投保,但 是 C 战争险是特殊附加险,附加险不能单独投保,只能在基本险的基础上附加投保,故根据 题意,答案为 C。
64. Company A exported 5 metric tons of tea. The tea suffered heavy storm in transit. The sea water in the ship?s hold led to the deterioration in the quality of part of the tea exported. This kind of loss is . A. actual total loss B. constructive total loss C. general average D. particular average 解：根据题意,部分茶叶受损,不是全损,可以排除 A 和 B；茶叶受损是由于遭受大雨, 海水进入船舱引起的,而不是为救助共同货物、采取故意措施而牺牲的,因此这部分的损 失应该属于单独海损,故答案为 D。
65. The insurance document that is acceptable mostly in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia is .
A. insurance policy B. insurance certificate C. combined certificate D. open policy 解：联合凭证(combined certificate)是比较简化的一种保险单据,保险公司只需将保险 险别、金额、保险人和理赔代理人的名称和地址等内容加注在发票上,并经保险人签章就 可以生效了。这种把发票和保险单结合起来的联合凭证,与保险单有同等效力,目前仅适 用于我国港澳和新马地区的出口业务中。
66. The coverage of ICC (A) is equivalent to that of of CIC. A. FPA B. WPA C. All Risks D. Additional Risks 解：根据伦敦保险协会对新条款的规定,ICC(A)采用“一切风险减除外责任”的办法, 即除了“除外责任”项下所列风险保险人不予负责外,其它风险均予负责。此与我国海运 货物保险中的“一切险”的责任范围相当。
67. Risks such as “failure to delivery risk” or “rejection risk” fall within the category of
.
A. general extraneous risks
B. special extraneous risks C. natural calamities D. fortuitous accidents
解：外来风险(extraneous risks)是由于外部因素而引起的损失,包括了一般外来风险 (general extraneous risks)和特殊外来风险(special extraneous risks)两种,交货不到(failure to delivery risk)和进口国拒绝进口(rejection risk)属于后者,故答案为 B。
68. According to “Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People?s Insurance Company of China”, the basic coverage that is the least extensive is _.
A. FPA B. WPA C. All Risks D. War Risk
解：平安险(FPA)是三种基本险中险别最小的,保险公司对由于自然灾害所造成的单 独海损不负责赔偿；水渍险(WPA)下,保险公司则在赔偿平安险范围内的风险外,还要赔 偿这部分的损失；而一切险(All Risks)下,保险公司除保水渍险下的风险外,还要负责赔偿 由一般外来风险所造成的损失,故答案为 A。
69. In the case of air transportation insurance, if the subject matter insured failed to reach the warehouse at destination stipulated in the insurance policy, the expiration of the insurance is after completion of discharge of the insured goods from the aircraft at the final port of discharge.
A. 15 days B. 30 days C. 60 days D. 90 days
解：航空运输险的责任起讫也采用适用海运货物保险起讫范围的“仓至仓”条款,即 自货物运离保险单所载明的起运地仓库开始至抵达保险单所载的目的地交到收货人仓 库为止。但与海运“仓至仓”条款不同的是,如果被保险货物未到达上述仓库,则承保期限 以货物最后卸离飞机后满 30 天为止,而不是 60 天。15 天的这种说法适用于海运战争险 中货物为卸离船只和邮包险中货物为抵达收件人处所的情况。故这道题的答案为 B。
610. Under coverage of London Institute Cargo Clause, only major casualties are covered, but not natural calamities.
A. ICC (A) B. ICC (B) C. ICC (C) D. Institute War Clause-Cargo 解：根据伦敦保险协会的规定,ICC(C)险承保的范围比 ICC(A)、(B)小得多,它只承保 “重大意外事故”,而不承保“自然灾害及非重大意外事故”,故答案为 C。
71. If there is no specific provision, the draft under a letter of credit should draw on the
.
A. advising bank B. issuing bank C. negotiating bank D. applicant 解：由于信用证是由开证行开出给受益人的有条件的支付承诺,所以在没有特别规定 的情况下开证行是支付的第一责任人。信用证项下的汇票应该以开证行作为受票人要求 其履行支付义务。
72. The draft used in collection is
.
A. a banker?s draft, based on bank credit
B. a commercial draft, based on bank credit
C. a banker?s draft, based on commercial credit D. a commercial draft, based on commercial credit 解：托收的支付方式是通过委托银行协助收取货款,银行在此过程中并不承担必须收 到款项的义务,所以它不是基于银行信用的,A、B 都不对。在托收情况下使用的汇票是由 卖方向买方或买方的银行开出的,所以是商业汇票而不是银行汇票。
73. A standby credit
. A. is a documentary credit B. is a special clean credit
C. can be a documentary credit as well as a clean credit
D. is not a real letter of credit, but a letter of guarantee 解：备用信用证是具有保函性质的特殊信用证,它是在信用证申请人不能履行所承诺 义务的情况下,支付受益人特定金额的一种担保。受益人在索取付款时不须提供系列商业 单据,而只须提供汇票及申请人不能履行所承诺义务的声明。
74. Under collection once the importer refuses to pay, the will be responsible for the cargo release, customs clearance, warehousing, and reselling in the importing country.
A. drawee B. collecting bank C. principal D. presenting bank
解：由于托收是通过委托银行协助收取货款,银行既不承担必须收到货款的责任,也 不负责货物的处理,所以在进口方拒绝提货及付款的情况下,出口方要自行负责在进口国 的货物处理工作,出口方即为托收的委托人(principal)。
75. The bill of exchange used in D/A must be a . A. sight bill B. bank bill C. bank accepted bill D. usance bill 解：D/A 指的是承兑交单。在承兑交单的付款方式下,卖方允许买方在先对汇票进行 承兑而不立即付款的情况下取出单据提货,在未来的一个商定日期再付款。这时要使用的 就是一份远期汇票。
76. If a bank other than the issuing bank guarantees the payment under an L/C, this L/C is
.
A. a confirmed credit B. an irrevocable credit
C. non-transferable credit D. a negotiable credit 解：保兑信用证是指开证行以外的另一间银行对该信用证进行担保,保证在开证行不 能对受益人进行支付的情况下承担开证行的所有支付义务。
77. A credit is normally used in processing trade. A. back to back B. revolving C. reciprocal D. red clause
解：对开信用证是指两张信用证的开证申请人互以对方为受益人而开立的信用证。
在来料加工和补偿贸易业务时,交易的双方都担心凭第一张信用证出口或进口后,另一方 不履行进口或出口的义务,于是采用对开信用证这种互相联系、互为条件的开证办法,用 以彼此约束。
78. Which of the following statements is NOT true about remittance? A. It provides highest security to the buyer but not the seller.
B. It is cheaper to use than the other terms of payment.
C. It is based on commercial credit, not bank credit.
D. It may impose high risk either to the buyer or to the seller.
解：汇付是建立在商业信用上的一种支付方式。买卖双方都会承担风险。如采取预 付货款的方式则买方承担的风险更高,而当采用货到付款的方式卖方风险就增大。因此在 此支付方式下双方都没有保障。
79. is a L/C based financing which will provide the exporter funds before the goods are produced.
A. factoring B. packing loan C. forfeiting D. negotiation
解：打包贷款(packing loan)是在出货前就把收到的信用证拿到银行进行贷款融资的 行为。而答案 D 议付则是在货物发运后用相关单据进行抵押融资。A 和 C 都是与信用 证无关的其它融资方法。故答案为 B。
710. If the exporter finds out mistakes on a received L/C, he should contact the at the first place.
A. advising bank B. importer C. negotiating bank D. issuing bank 解：当发现信用证有不符点的时候,受益人(一般指出口方)应第一时间通知申请人(一 般为进口方)进行改证。
81. Under a contract with payment by L/C, the exporter has to go through the comparatively more complicated procedure of documentation.
A. EXW B. FOB/FCA C. CFR/CPT D. CIF/CIP 解：在国际货物贸易中,单据往往起到卖方履行责任义务的凭证的作用。与其他合同 相比,在履行 CIF/CIP 术语合同时,卖方的责任和义务是最多最大的,因此所交付的单据也 是最多的。故答案为 D。
82. If a transaction is concluded on term, the exporter is obliged to obtain an insurance policy or certificate.
A. EXW B. FOB/FCA C. CFR/CPT D. CIF/CIP 解：根据《2010 通则》,按照 CIF 或 CIP 成交时,为货物办理运输保险并支付保费是 卖方的责任义务。故答案为 D。
83. For all export transactions, documents required need to be prepared largely on the basis of the .
A. sales contract B. letter of credit C. commercial invoice D. packing list
解：买卖合同是制单的基本依据。在出口托收或汇付业务中,所有单据的制作首先以 买卖合同为依据。此外,信用证项下出口时,虽然以信用证条款为依据,但有些项目,尤其是 信用证未作明确规定的,也必须参照合同条款。故答案为 A。
84. A (An) is the first document a seller has to prepare when he intends to export commodities that are under export control of his country.
A. commercial invoice B. export license
C. pro forma invoice D. customs invoice 解：出口许可证管理是根据国家的法律和政策,对出口经营权、经营范围、贸易国别、 出口货物品种、数量、技术及其相关产品等实行全面管理、有效监测、规范货物出口许 可的制度。当出口企业出口这些货物时,均需到指定的发证机构申领出口许可证,并在指 定的口岸报关。故答案为 B。
85. A (An) is issued by the seller as a response to an inquiry from the potential buyer.
A. commercial invoice B. export license C. pro forma invoice D. customs invoice
解：出口商有时应进口商的要求,以一份列有出售货物的名称、规格、单价等非正式 参考性发票,向进口商不报价,供进口商向其本国贸易管理当局或外汇管理当局申请进口 许可证或批准给予外汇等之用,这种发票叫做形式发票。形式发票不是一种正式发票,不 能用于托收和议付,它所列的单价等,也仅仅是进口商根据当时情况所作的估计,对双方都 无约束力,所以说形式发票只是一种估价单,正式成交还要另外重新缮制商业发票。故答 案为 C。
86. To clear the export commodity for export customs, the seller should fill out a as an application which will be submitted to the Customs or relative authorized institutions.
A. commercial invoice B. export license C. customs declaration D. customs invoice
解：报关是指进出口货物收发货人、进出境运输工具负责人、进出境物品所有人或 者他们的代理人向海关办理货物、物品或运输工具进出境手续及相关海关事务的过程,包 括向海关申报、交验单据证件,并接受海关的监管和检查等。出口商办理报关,必须填写 出口货物报关单,提供出口合同副本、发票、装箱单或重量单、商检书及其他有关文件。 故答案为 C。
87. is a document made out by the seller as a supplementary document to the commercial invoice to make up the deficiency of an invoice by giving all the necessary particulars of the goods.
A. Consular invoice B. Pro forma invoice C. Customs invoice D. Packing list
解：装箱单是发票的补充单据,它列明了信用证(或合同)中买卖双方约定的有关包装
事宜的细节,便于国外买方在货物到达目的港时供海关检查和核对货物。故答案为 D。
88. A (An) is dispatched by the carrier or the agent to inform the exporter of the particulars of shipment arrangement after shipping space is booked.
A. booking note B. bill of lading C. shipping advice D. shipping order 解：货运服务机构、船公司或其代理人在接受托运人的托运申请后,签发给托运人装 货单(Shipping Order S/O)。装货单俗称下货纸。其作用有三：一是通知托运人货物已预 订的航次、船名,及装货日期等,让其备货装船；二是便于托运人向海关办理出口申报手 续,海关凭以验放货物；三是作为命令船长接受该批货物装船的指示文件。故答案为 D。
89. is a document indicating the results of the inspection of the goods in terms of the quality, quantity or any other element that has been specified.
A. Inspection certificate B. Inspection application
C. Certificate of origin D. Inspection certificate of quality 解：进出口商品经过商检机构进行检验或鉴定后,由该检验机构出具的书面证明称为 “商品检验证书”。此外,在交易中如果买卖双方约定由生产单位或使用单位出具检验证 明,则该证明也可起到检验证书的作用。在国际贸易中,商检证书是卖方所交付货物的品 质、重量、数量、包装及卫生条件等是否符合合同规定的依据。故答案为 A。
810. In international trade practice, stipulations concerning documents are an indispensable part of . A. the sales contract B. the documentary L/C
C. either the sales contract or the documentary L/C
D. both the sales contract and the documentary L/C
解：在国际货物贸易中,虽然合同对合同货物有详尽的规定条款,但不一定对有关的 单据做出规定；而跟单信用证业务的特点决定了开证行必须仅凭相符单据对外付款,因 此,有关单据的条款和规定是信用证不可缺的一部分。故最佳答案为 B。
91. The disagreement resulted from one party of a transaction totally or partially unable to perform the obligation and liability stipulated in the contract is .
A. claim B. dispute
C. Breach of contract D. settlement of disputes
解：争议(dispute)是交易的一方认为对方未能部分或全部履行合同规定的责任与义 务而引起的纠纷。而违约(breach of contract)则是产生争议的原因；索赔(claim)是指遭受 损害的一方在争议发生后,向违约方提出赔偿的要求；而争议的解决(settlement of disputes) 则是买卖双方解决争议的结果。故答案为 B。
92. Which of the following may possibly result in disputes? A. breakage of the package B. rising of price
C. fluctuation of exchange rate D. quota
解：四个答案中的 B 价格上升、C 汇率变动是由市场因素决定的,而 D 配额是政府 规定,这三项均不是买卖双方的责任。只有答案 A 包装破损(breakage of the package)可能 是卖方包装不足或粗暴搬运所致,从而使卖方不能完全履行合同规定的有关包装的责任, 导致贸易纠纷的产生。故答案为 A。
93. Which of the following is a clause in a contract and meanwhile a law itself? A. arbitration B. claim C. dispute D. force majeure 解：四个选择中的 A 仲裁(arbitration)、B 索赔(claim)和 C 争议(dispute)都只是买卖 合同中订立的条款,只有 D 不可抗力(force majeure)既是合同中的一项条款,也是一项法律 原则,尽管在国际贸易条约和各国法律上的叫法不一,如英美法中叫“合同落空”,大陆法 系国家称为“情势变迁原则”或“契约失效原则”,但其精神大体相同,主要包括以下几 点：1.意外事故必须发生在合同签订之后；2.不是因为合同当事人双方的自身的过失或 疏漏而导致；3.意外事故是当事人双方不能控制的,无能为力的。
94. The main arbitration body in China is . A. MOFTEC B. CCPIT C. CIETAC D. ICC
解：要做对此题,首先应熟悉这些简称相对应的机构。MOFTEC (The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Cooperation) 是我国原对外贸易经济合作部简称 , 现改为商务部 , CCPIT(China Council for Promotion of International Trade)是中国国际贸易促进委员会的 简称, ICC(International Chamber of Commerce)是国际商会的简称,CIETAC(The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission)中国国际经济与贸易仲裁委员会 的简称,故根据题意,答案为 C。
95. According to usual practice, the penalty of a contract shall not exceed of the total value of the goods.
A. 3％ B. 4％ C. 5％ D. 5. 5％ 解：罚金条款一般使用于卖方延期交货或买方迟开信用证等场合。按一般惯例,罚金 的数额大小是以违约时间的长短而确定的,同时还规定最高限额,最高限额一般不超过货 价的 5％。
96. Force majeure clause is a clause that mainly
.
A. protects the right of the seller
B. protects the right of the buyer
C. enables the seller to avoid his contractual obligations
D. enables the buyer to avoid his contractual obligations
解：不可抗力(force majeure)是指在货物买卖合同订立之后,不是由于任何一方当事 人的故意、过失或疏忽,而是由于发生了当事人在订立合同时不能预见,对其发生和后果 不能避免并不能克服的事件,以致不能履行合同或不能完全履行合同,遭受事故的一方即 可根据合同或法律的规定免除其违约责任。如因此不能按合同约定的期限履行合同,在事
件的后果影响持续的期间内,免除其延迟履行的责任。 因此,合同中的不可抗力条款又称 免责条款。在国贸实务中,不可抗力条款的制定大多是针对卖方交货责任而言,因此不可 抗力实际上免除的是卖方由于发生不可抗力而不能履行合同或延迟履行合同的责任,故 最佳答案为 C。
97. After a dispute, in case that the parties concerned are unable to reach an agreement, they can ask a third party to help settle the dispute. This action is called .
A. negotiation B. mediation C. arbitration D. litigation
解：这四个选择都是解决争议的方法,协商(negotiation)是买卖双方之间自行通过友 好协商解决争议,如果双方不能就争议的解决达成一致的意见,可要求买卖双方都认可的 第三方介入帮助解决争议,这就是调解(mediation)。仲裁(arbitration)虽也是双方自愿将纠 纷提交给一个双方同意的第三方来进行裁判,但其与调停有区别,调停的结果不具约束力, 而仲裁的裁决结果是终局的,具有约束力,不得上诉。选择 D 诉讼(litigation)是指将纠纷诉 之于司法程序,提交法院裁决,可有当事人一方单方面向法院投诉,无需双方当事人的同意。 因此根据题意,此题答案为 B。
98. Before going for arbitration, both parties involved in a dispute need to make an arbitration agreement in written form, in which they agree to refer the subject in dispute to a third party. This indicates the nature of arbitration. A. flexible B. simplified C. compulsory D. voluntary 解：相对于诉讼,仲裁的程序比较简单、处理问题时间较短,并具有较大的灵活性和 较多的选择自由。但仲裁前,双方当事人要自愿将争议交付仲裁机构解决,并提交书面协 议表达其自愿的原则,因此仲裁的书面协议(arbitration agreement)反映了仲裁的自愿性 (voluntary nature),答案为 D。
99. The award of arbitration is final and binding on both parties. This shows the nature of arbitration.
A. flexible B. swift C. compulsory D. voluntary
解：我国的仲裁法规定仲裁的裁决(award)是终局性的,对双方当事人都有约束力,必 须依照执行,任何一方都不许向法院提起起诉要求变更。其他国家一般也不允许当事人对 仲裁裁决不服而上诉法院。 即使向法院提起诉讼,法院一般也只是审查仲裁程序,不审查 实裁决是否正确。若败诉方不执行裁决,胜诉方有权向有关法院起诉,要求法院强制执行, 可见仲裁的裁决是终局性的、强制性的(compulsory),故答案为 C。
910. The best way to stipulate the place and time of inspection is
. A. inspection at the factory
B. inspection at the port of shipment
C. inspection at the port of destination
D. inspection at the port of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destination 解：一般有三种关于检验时间和地点的制定方法：装运港检验,目的港检验和装运港
检验、目的港复验三种。装运港检验是指货物在装运港转载前,由卖方委托出口地的商检 机构对商品进行检验,出具检验证书,作为最后依据,买方无权提出异议,此种方法对卖方 有利。目的港检验是指货物在目的港卸货后由当地的商检机构进行检验,出具检验证书, 作为商品品质和数量(重量)的最后依据,货物在运输中的损失由卖方负责,这对卖方不利。 装运港检验、目的港复验是指卖方在装运港凭出口地商检机构出具的检验证书作为向银 行议付货款的单据,但不作为货物品质和数量(重量)的最后依据；货到目的港后,由买方对 货物进行复检,如发现货不对板,可向卖方提出异议并索赔。这种做法较为公平合理,符合 国际贸易习惯,是业务种最常用的办法。故答案为 D。
Ⅲ. True or false statements
21. T The EXW term indicates an actual delivery. 解：此题正确。买方到卖方的场所受领货物,卖方交货时买方确实收到了货物。
22. T If the sales contract contains provisions contrasting to the definition of the Incoterm used, as far as the provisions are legally recognized by relevant laws and regulations, they will be valid.
解：贸易术语的使用只是一种习惯用法,约定俗成,它并不是法律法规,不具备法律约 束力。 而合同条款则受到相关法律的保障。
23. F FOB is a shipment contract term, indicating actual delivery. 解：在 FOB 情况下卖方的风险在装运港货装上船时转移给买方，即交货发生在货 物发运之前，所以属于装运合同术语。前半段的说法是正确的，但在交货发生时货物是 交到买方指定的承运人即船公司手上，而买方并没有实际收到货物，这种情况是象征性 交货而非实质性交货。
24. F FCA and CPT have one thing in common that the seller delivers when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the buyer.
解：CPT 术语下提及的“first carrier”应由卖方指定。
25. T Both DAT and DAP should be followed by named port of destination. 解：术语后面的指定地点是构成一个完整术语的重要组成部分。DAT 和 DAP 后面 应该跟的都是“指定目的港”(“named port of destination”)。
26. F Since under CFR the risk will be transferred when the goods pass the ship?s rail, the seller will not hold any responsibility if the buyer finds the goods not in conformity with the contracted specifications.
解：卖方有义务向买方提供符合合同要求的货物,尽管卖方已交货,风险已转移,但买 方在此情况下仍有权根据其它凭证向卖方追索,如根据销售合同。
27. F All terms starting with a “C” require the seller to bear the main costs of carriage and risk during the transport.
解：C 字开头的术语都是装运合同术语,要求卖方承担主要运输费用,但并不承担运
输过程中的风险。
28. T According to the Incoterms 2010 under DAP the buyer is not responsible for loading the goods from the arriving vehicle at the place of destination.
解：DAP 术语要求买方负责把货物送至在进口国的指定地点完成交货，之前除进口 清关以外的相关风险、义务和费用都由卖方承担，但卖方不负责货物到达指定目的地的 卸货费用和风险。所以这个责任应由买方承担。
29. F Under CIF the seller has to purchase insurance, therefore he has to bear the risk during the ocean transport.
解：CIF 要求卖方承担主要运输费用,但并不承担运输过程中的风险。
210. T All the terms starting a “D” are arrival contract terms and they all indicate actual delivery.
解：D 字开头的术语都要求卖方在货物送交目的地(港)时交货,所以都属于到货合同 术语。当卖方交货时买方都能够实质性地收到货物本身,所以它们都属于实质性交货。
31. F Offer and counteroffer are the two essential stages in the communication of price.
解：价格沟通过程中必须经过的步骤是报盘和接受。
32. T Discount is a deduction on the original price given to the buyer as incentive. 解：折扣的实质是对原有价格进行下调以促进成交。
33. F Export profit margin directly reflects the local currency cost of each unit of foreign currency.
解：出口换汇成本才体现了为赚取单位外汇所应付出的本币成本,而非出口利润率。
34. F In a price communication, it is always the buyer who makes an inquiry and the seller makes an offer.
解：询盘也可以由卖方发出,询问买方是否有购买意向。
35. F A buyer cabled an acceptance to an offer, but requiring to change payment from D/P at sight to D/A. The seller kept silence. A contract could be established at this moment.
解：买方收到报盘后做出的回复对付款方式作了改变,因此是一个还盘,原报盘失效, 不能构成合同的确立。
36. T If an effective offer is accepted unconditionally, a contract can be achieved. 解：如果报盘被无条件接受,则奠定了建立合同的基础。
37. T CISG stipulates that an offer will be effective when it reaches the offeree. 解：尽管有些国家以报盘发出时间为生效时间,但 CISG 规定以到达时间作为报盘 生效的时间。
38. F The nature of relationship between the seller and buyer is irrelevant to the pricing decision in international trade.
解：买卖双方的关系也对贸易中价格的确定具有重要的影响。
39. F The commission payment of an FOB price should be calculated based on the FOB net price.
解：佣金的计算一般都以成交的含佣价为基础,有个别商人也会用 FOB 净价来计算, 但不普遍,更不是必须的做法。
310. F There is a rule of thumb in international trade stating that any transaction having a profit margin over 10％ is a good deal.
解：预期利润率的确定与公司的销售策略有关,不能断然认为某个数值就是最好的。
41. F If the quality of goods delivered by the seller is not in accordance with the contract, the buyer has the right to ask for compensation for the loss but cannot declare the contract void.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约,当卖方所交货物的品质与合同严重不符至根 本性违约时,买方不仅有权利索赔,还有权利宣告合同无效。
42. F There are various ways in expressing quality in trading. In order to clear out the responsibility, we should adopt sale by sample and sale by specification.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约,如同时采用既凭样品又凭规格买卖,则要求 卖方交付的货物的品质必须既与样品一致,又要符合合同所规定规格,要做到两全其美,难 以办得到,往往给卖方履行合同带来困难。
43. F In order to meet the demand in the international market, we should make efforts to conclude business according to the buyer?s sample.
解：卖方通常不愿意承接凭买方样品交货的交易,以免因货物品质与卖方样品不符而 招致买方索赔,甚至退货的危险。因此,卖方可根据买方提供的样品加工复制出一个类似 的样品并交买方确认,这种经确认后的样品也称之为“回样 counter sample”或“确认样 品 confirming sample”。当对等样品被买方确认后,日后卖方所交货物的品质,则以对等样 品为准。
44. T Quality difference within the agreed quality latitude or tolerance will not give rise to the increase or decrease in price unless stipulated otherwise.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十三条,买方必须按照合同和本公约规定 支付货物价款和收取货物。所以除非合同另有规定,凡在品质机动幅度内的货物,买方不 得拒收或要求调整价格。
45. F In a sale by specification, if the seller provides a reference sample, the quality of goods delivered shall not only meet the specifications stipulated, but also conform to the sample.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约,如只是凭规格买卖,则要求卖方交付的货物 的品质只要符合合同所规定规格即可。而样品仅仅是参考样,所以交付的货物的品质无须 与样品一致。
46. F If the seller delivers goods with quantity greater than that stipulated in the
contract, according to CISG, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of all the goods.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十二条的规定,如果卖方交付的货物数量 大于合同规定的数量,买方可以收取也可以拒绝收取多交部分的货物。所以买方不可以拒 收全部货物。
47. T In accordance with the international practice, unless the contract stipulates otherwise, the more or less part will be priced at the contract rate.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十二条的规定,如果卖方交付的货物数量 大于合同规定的数量,买方可以收取也可以拒绝收取多交部分的货物。如果买方收取多交 部分货物的全部或一部分,他必须按合同价格付款。
48. F There is no doubt that one ton equals to 1000kgs. 解：由于度量衡制度的不同,即使同一计量单位所表示的数量差别也可能很大。 如 表示重量的“吨”,实行公制的国家一般采用公吨,每吨为 1 000 公斤；实行英制的国家一 般采用长吨,每吨为 1016 公斤；实行美制的国家一般采用短吨,每吨为 907 公斤。
49. F If the price is calculated by the weight of the goods, the gross weight should be used unless stipulated otherwise in the contract.
解：根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十六条,如果价格是按货物的重量规定的, 如有疑问,应按净重确定。
410. F According to UCP600, a tolerance not exceeding 5％ more or less than the quantity of the goods is always allowed if there is no relevant stipulation quantity latitude.
解：根据 UCP600 第三十条 b.在信用证未以包装单位件数或货物自身件数的方式规 定货物数量时,货物数量允许有 5％的增减幅度,只要总支取金额不超过信用证金额。所 以只有当货物的数量不是以包装单位件数或货物自身件数的方式规定时,且总支取金额 不超过信用证金额,货物数量才允许有 5％的增减幅度。
51. T Liner freight has covered the loading and unloading fee. 解：班轮运输的其中一个特点是:由船方负责配载装卸,装卸费包括在运费中,货方不 再另付装卸费,船货双方也不计算滞期费和速遣费。
52. F When the ship owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the charterer.
解：速遣费是指在规定的装卸期限内,租船人提前完成装卸作业,使船方节省了船舶 在港的费用开支,船方向租船人就节省的时间支付的一定的奖金。
53. T When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship owner.
解：滞期费是指在规定的装卸期限内,租船人未能按时完成装卸作业,给船方造成一 定的经济损失,租船人对超过的时间向船方支付的一定的罚金。
54. F Ocean Bill of Lading, air waybill and rail waybill are property documents
presenting title to cargoes, so they are all negotiable.
解：在所有的运输单据中,只有海运提单是货物所有权的凭证。空运单和铁路运单并 不具备货物所有权的凭证的功能。
55. T Bills of lading are usually made out in a full set including several originals and copies.
解：提单有正本和副本之分,正本提单是有效的提单,能凭此议付和提货,正本提单一 般签发一式两份或三份。在国际贸易中,买方要求的一套提单一般都包括正本和副本两 种。
56. F Since straight B/L bears higher risk than the open B/L, it is rarely used in international transportation.
解：记名提单是指提单的收货人栏填明特定收货人名称,只能由该特定收货人提货。 这种提单不能通过背书转让,不能流通,故其在国际贸易中很少使用。不记名提单的情况 下,承运人把货交给提单持有人。不记名提单无须背书转让,因此,与记名提单相比,不记名 提单的风险更大,故说法不正确。
57. F A clean B/L is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in apparent goods condition.
解：清洁提单是指货物在装船时“表面状况良好”,承运人在签发的提单上不带有明 确宣称货物及/或包装有缺陷状况的条款文字或批注的提单。提单是由承运人而不是卖 方签发的,故说法不正确。
58. F In international trade practice, time of shipment is actually the time of delivery. 解：对于 F 和 C 字母开头的术语的合同属装运合同,卖方都是在启运港履行其交货 义务,因此装运的时间就是交货时间。但采用 E 和 D 字母为开头的术语的合同是属于到 达合
同的性质,卖方承担货物运至目的地的所有费用和风险,即在目的地点卖方履行其交 货义务。所以,装船期和交货期是两个完全不同的概念。
59. T Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge during negotiation, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract as optional ports.
解：在买卖合同中,装运港和目的港一般情况下分别规定各为一个。但在磋商交易时, 如明确规定装运港或目的港有困难,可采用选择港的办法,规定两个或两个以上港口,然后 从中选一个。
510. T UCP600 stipulates that partial shipment and transshipment are allowed unless it is stipulated otherwise.
解：根据 UCP600 第三十一条：允许部分支款或部分发运；第十九条:即使信用证禁 止转运,注明将要或者可能发生转运的运输单据仍可接受。
61. F In marine cargo insurance, general average is to be borne by the carrier, who may, upon presentation of evidence of the loss, recover the loss from the insurance underwriter.
解：共同海损是船舶、货物或其他财产遭遇共同危险,为了解除共同危险,有意采取 合理的措施,所直接造成的特殊牺牲和支付的特殊费用。共同海损发生后,凡属共同海损 的费用和牺牲,均可通过共同海损理算,由有关获益方(即船方、货方和运费收入方)根据获 救价值按比例分摊。
62. F In Chinese insurance practice, open policy is the same as the insurance certificate.
解：保险凭证(insurance certificate)是一种背面省去了保险条款的简化了的保险单,与 保险单具有同等效力。而预约保险单(open policy)是指保险人承保被保险人在一定时期 内(通常六个月到一年)发运的全部货物所处理的一种保险单。 凡是预约保险合同内的进 出口货物,一经起运即按预约保险单所列条件承保。 但是被保险人在获悉每批货物起运 时,应立即通知保险公司该批货物的详情,以让保险公司签发保险凭证,以便将来根据凭证 结算保险费用。目前,在我国预约保险单仅适用于以 FOB 或 CFR 等条件成交的进口货物 的保险。
63. T Special additional coverage such as war risks, strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA, WPA or All Risks.
解：FPA、WPA 和 All Risks 是我国海运货物保险的三个基本险别,可以单独投保, 但是特殊附加险不能单独投保,只能在基本险的基础上附加投保。
64. F In ocean marine insurance, natural calamities include heavy weather, earthquake, tsunami, flood, collision, etc.
解：船舶碰撞(collision)属于意外事故,不是自然灾害。
65. T The coverage of Land Transportation Risk and Air Transportation Risk are almost equivalent to WPA in marine cargo insurance.
解：与海运货物保险有三种基本险不同的是,路运和空运货物保险的基本险别只有两 种,即陆运/空运险和陆运/空运一切险,其中,陆运/空运险的承保范围与海运水渍险相似, 而陆运/空运一切险的承保范围则与海运一切险相似。
66. F Subrogation Principle states that in the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter insured resulting from an insured peril, the insured is placed in the same position that he enjoyed immediately before the loss occurred.
解：这是概念混淆的题目。代位求偿权原则(subrogation principle)是指当保险标的遭 受保险事故,依法应由第三者承担赔偿责任时,保险公司自支付保险赔偿金之日起,在赔偿 金额的限 度内 , 取得 向第三者 请求赔偿 的权利。 此题是保 险的另一 原则赔偿 原 则 (indemnity principle)的定义。
67. T The 10％ markup rate of the commercial invoice value in an insurance policy is to cover an anticipated profit as well as other additional costs involved.
解：在海运货物保险中,被保险人一般把货值(C)、运费(F)、保险费(I)以及转售该笔 货物的预期利润和费用的总和,作为保险金额,国际贸易中一般习惯上按 CIF 总值的 110％
保,超出的 10％为投保加成,这 10％就是货物的预期利润和费用的总和。如果加成率过高, 就会有骗保的情况产生。
68. T Under a deductible franchise, where the loss or damage exceeds the percentage allowed, the insurance company needs merely indemnify the exceeding part to the insured.
解：所谓免赔率,是指不赔金额与损失金额的比率。免赔率分为相对免赔率(non- deductible franchise)与绝对免赔率(deductible franchise)两种。前者指保险公司对超出免赔 率部分的损失进行赔偿,赔偿金额包含免赔金额; 而后者指保险公司对超出免赔率部分 的损失进行赔偿,赔偿金额不包含免赔金额。
69. F Ocean marine insurance covers ships and their cargo only on the high seas and not on inland waterways.
解：这里的海上货物保险是广义的保险,它承保包括船只及其货物在海运和内陆水运 中所遭受的风险。
610. F The claimant is the party who suffers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured by himself.
解：货物遭受承保范围内的损失或灭失时,其索赔人可以是投保人,也可以不是,要视 具体情况而定,究其原因是货物在运输的过程中物权发生转移所致。索赔人要求索赔的条 件之一就是在货物遭受承保范围内的损失或灭失时,索赔人能证明其对货物有可保利益。 比如在 CIF 条件下,投保人是卖方,如果货物的损失或灭失发生在风险转移之前,索赔人是 卖方,如果是之后,则索赔人是买方。
71. F If the remittance is made by a banker?s demand draft, this payment is based on bank credit.
解：汇付是建立在商业信用上的一种支付方式。即使使用了银行汇票,这种特性也不 会改变。
72. T For a confirmed credit, the confirming bank holds the same liability as the issuing bank.
解：保兑信用证是指开证行以外的一间银行对该信用证进行担保,保证在开证行不能 对受益人进行支付的情况下承担开证行的所有支付义务。因此它的偿付责任与开证行是 相同的。
73. T A letter of credit which does not indicate whether it is revocable or not is regarded as irrevocable.
解：UCP600 规定,如果信用证没有注明是否可撤销,则当作不可撤销。
74. F A letter of credit not mentioning it is non-transferable will be seen as transferable.
解：信用证只有明确注明是“可转让的(transferable)”,才具有可转让信用证的性质, 没有注明的应当做不可转让处理。
75. F Using a third currency in collecting payment is the best protection against currency risk for the seller.
解：为尽可能地回避因汇率波动而带来的风险,应选择一种比较稳定的“硬货币”作 为支付货币,而未必是第三国货币。
76. T Since under L/C the seller gets payment from a party independent of the buyer, it is the safest mode for him.
解：信用证条件下,卖方是直接从银行获得货款,而无须考虑买方是否能够或愿意支 付。因此这种支付方式对于卖方来说最保险。
77. T Open account and payment in advance indicate the minimum and maximum risk for the importer.
解：寄售(open account)通常是指卖方把货物委托给买方代为销售,货物卖出后或定期 再收取货款,销售期间货物的风险仍由卖方承担。这种方式支付买方的风险最小。而预付 货款(payment in advance)则要求买方在收到货物之前把货款全部付清,这种方式支付买方 的风险最大。
78. F Dishonour only refers to the rejection to the presentation for payment, but not rejection to the presentation for acceptance.
解：拒绝支付或拒绝进行承兑都统称为拒付。
79. T Under collection though the seller collects payment through banks, it is not guaranteed that he will receive the money as collection is still based on commercial credit.
解：托收是通过委托银行协助收取货款,银行不承担必须收到货款的责任。所以它还 是基于商业信用的一种支付方式。
710. F In international trade clean collection is more frequently used than documentary collection.
解：光票托收是指卖方已将相关商业单据寄给买方,而只用一张汇票通过银行向买方 收款。这种方式一般在关系非常熟悉的贸易商之间使用,不很普遍。贸易实务中跟单托收 的方式使用更普遍。
81. F Since stipulations concerning documents may not appear in every contract, documents are not so important in an international trade transaction.
解：虽然合同不一定有关于单据的规定,但是,在国际货物贸易中,单据是卖方履行合 同责任和义务的凭证之一,起着十分重要的作用。
82. F Export documents should be made out based on the information of either the sales contract or the L/C.
解：买卖合同是制单的基本依据。在出口托收或汇付业务中,所有单据的制作首先以 买卖合同为依据。此外,信用证项下出口时,虽然以信用证条款为依据,但有些项目,尤其是 信用证未作明确规定的,也必须参照合同条款。
83. T The commercial invoice serves as a record of the essential details of a
transaction.
解：商业发票是出口方向进口方开列发货价目清单,是买卖双方交易的记录,也是记 账的依据,也是进出口报关交税的总说明。商业发票是一笔业务的全面反映,内容包括商 品的名称、规格、价格、数量、金额、包装等,同时也是进口商办理进口报关不可缺少的 文件,因此商业发票是全套出口单据的核心,在单据制作过程中,其余单据均需参照商业发 票缮制。
84. F Export is possible only after the commodities have been inspected. 解：属于法定检验的出口商品,未经检验合格者不得出口；未向商检机构报验或检验 不合格的不能获海关验放,即使进口也不准销售与使用。但不属于法定检验的出口商品, 不一定要经过检验才允许出口。
85. T Commodities are not allowed to be loaded on the ocean vessel until they have been cleared for customs.
解：对于一般出口货物,在发货人或其代理人如实向海关申报,并如数缴纳应缴税款 和有关收费后,海关在出口装货单上盖“海关放行章”,出口货物的发货人凭以装船起运 出境。
86. F A Booking Note is a form which is to be filled out by the carrier providing all the necessary particulars about the shipment to facilitate booking shipping space or chartering.
解：定舱单是托运人(一般是出口商)向船公司订舱位时所填写的单子。要注明货物 重量、体积、件数、出运货物的品名、发货时间、发运港、目的港以及发货人与收货方 的公司资料等。
87. T The amount of a bill of exchange (draft) must be exactly the same as the amount shown in the relevant commercial invoice.
解：汇票(bill of exchange, draft)是出票人签发的,委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日 期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。而商业发票是出口方向进口方开 列发货价目清单,是买卖双方交易的记录,也是记账的依据。因此,汇票金额一般与发票金 额一致。
88. F If there is a discrepancy between the amount of a draft and the L/C amount, this draft is not acceptable to the issuing bank.
解：一般情况下汇票金额应与信用证一致。但指定银行(一般是指交单行)按照开证 行的指示也可以接受大于信用证金额的汇票,但不得超额议付。如溢短装情况下,不可以 超过信用证金额,但可以少于信用证金额,或在分批装运情况下可以少于信用证金额,但各 次装运金额之和不超过信用证总计金额。因此,汇票金额可以等于也可以小于信用证金 额。
89. T According to UCP600 Art 18, commercial invoice must be issued by the beneficiary named in the L/C.
解：UCP600 第十八条,商业发票必须由受益人出具。
810. F A certificate of origin can be used to prove the time when the export commodities were produced.
解：原产地证主要供进口海关掌握进口货物的原产地国别,以采取不同的国别政策； 同时也是决定进口税率的依据,或对某些国家或某些商品采取控制进口额度的依据。
91. T Reasons resulting in disputes in international trade can be classified into three categories: breach of contract by the seller, breach of contract by the buyer and breach of contract by both the seller and the buyer.
解：此题正确。 在国际贸易中产生争议的原因很多,大致可归纳为三类：1.卖方违 约,如不按合同规定交货,或所提供的货单种类不齐、份数不足等。2.买方违约,如在信用 证项下不按期开立信用证,不按合同付款,无理拒收等。3.买卖双方均负违约责任,如合同 条款不明确,致使双方理解或解释不统一而引起纠纷,或在履约中,双方均有违约行为等。
92. F One of the ways to stipulate period for claim is: “Claim should be filed within 90 days after shipment”.
解：此题为错。合同中对索赔期限的规定一般以货物到达目的地而不是装运地开始 起算,即在货物抵达目的港后一定时间内索赔人可以提出索赔,超过此期间索赔无效。通 常有以下几种起算方法：1.货到目的港后 xx 天起算；2.货到目的港卸离海轮后 xx 天起 算；3.货到买方营业出所或用户所在地后 xx 天后起算；4.货物检验后 xx 天起算。
93. T The best way to stipulate force majeure events in the force majeure clause of a contract is to stipulate them in a synthesized way.
解：此题正确。 在我国进出口合同中的不可抗力条款,基本上有三种规定的方法： 1.概括式,即在合同中不具体订明哪些事故是不可抗力事故,只做概括的规定。2.列举式, 即在合同条款中明确规定哪些意外事故是不可抗力事故,凡合同中没有列到的,均不能作 为不可抗力事故处理。3.综合式,即将概括和列举两种方式结合使用,这种方法既明确,又 有一定的灵活性,比较科学实用,故多采用此种规定的方法。
94. F The arbitration award is final and binding on both parties, therefore should be executed without any doubt.
解：此题为错。虽然仲裁法规定仲裁的裁决(award)是终局性的,对双方当事人都有约 束力,必须依照执行,任何一方都不许向法院提起起诉要求变更。但是如果当事人对仲裁 的程序有异议时,可以向法院提起诉讼。如果法院查处裁决在程序上有问题,有权宣布裁 决无效。
95. F There are main two types of arbitration body: governmental and nongovernmental.
解：此题为错。国际贸易中的仲裁,可由双方当事人约定在常设的仲裁机构进行,也 可以由双方当事人共同制定仲裁员组成临时仲裁庭进行仲裁。仲裁庭通常是由国家或国 际组织设有,没有非官方机构之说。我国常设的仲裁机构主要是中国国际经济贸易仲裁委 员会和海事仲裁委员会。官方和非官方两种机构之说应该是指商品检验机构而言。
96. T Inspection on import and export commodities in China falls into two categories: statutory inspection and non-statutory inspection.
解：此题正确。我国进出口商品检验分法定检验和非法定检验两种,前者是对列入《种 类表》的商品及其他法律、法规规定必须经过商检机构或者国家商检局、商检机构检验 的商品进行的检验。后者是对除此以外的其他商品的检验。
97. F If a claim is well supported, the claimant shall pay a fine, a certain percentage of total contract value.
解：此题为错。题中指出索赔人(claimant)会支付罚金是错误的,正确的应该是被索赔 人(claimee)。在买卖合同中,索赔人通常是买方,而被索赔人通常是卖方。在国际贸易中, 买方索赔正当、及时而且材料充足、合理,能有助于及时得到赔偿,卖方赔偿的方式不只 局限于支付合同货款一定比例的罚金,一般可以按照下列方法解决索赔问题：1.同意买方 拒收货物,并按合同规定退还货款；2.根据货物的质量、损坏程度等降价处理货物；3.按 照合同中货物的规格、品质重新更换货物,等等。
98. T The main ways to settle disputes in international trade are negotiation, mediation, arbitration and litigation.
解：此题正确。在国际贸易中 , 买卖双方发生了贸易纠纷 , 应当采用友好协 商 (negotiation)的办法来解决,当协商不能解决时,在争议双方自愿的基础上,由第三者出面 从中调解(mediation),如调解失败,可采用仲裁(arbitration)的办法,由仲裁庭按照仲裁规定 和程序进行仲裁,直到做出终局裁决。如果双方当事人的任何一方不愿用上述方法,或协 商调解失败而又不愿诉诸仲裁庭,则可单方出面向法院提起诉讼。
99. F When a force majeure event takes place, the party concerned has no choice but to terminate the contract.
解：此题为错。发生不可抗力事件后,双方应按约定的处理原则和办法及时进行处理。 不可抗力的后果一般有两种:一种是解除合同；另一种是延期履行合同。究竟如何处理, 应视事故的原因、性质、规模及其对履行合同所产生的实际影响程度而定。
910. F The arbitration tribunal has the power to decide that the losing party shall pay the winning party the arbitration fee incurred in dealing with the case.
解：此题为错。有关仲裁费由谁来负担的问题,通常在合同的仲裁条款或仲裁协议中 有明确的规定。费用一般先由申请人在提出仲裁申请时预交,然后,在仲裁终结时,根据仲 裁结果确定费用的最终承担者。根据我国《仲裁法枠和枟仲裁委员会收费办法》的规定, 当事人仲裁费用的承担一般有以下两种情况：1.一方当事人完全败诉,败诉的当事人承担 全部仲裁费用。2.当事人部分败诉、部分胜诉的情况下,当事人按比例分摊。这一比例根 据双方当事人责任的大小来确定。
Ⅳ. Short questions
21. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?
答：The seller.
22. Who pays for unloading under CIF? 答：The buyer.
23. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?
答：?Similarities: ①The seller?s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship?s rail. ②The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. ③The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. ④All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.
?Differences: ①FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; ②CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; ③CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer?s risk.
24. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?
答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller?s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.
25. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?
答：?Major similarities: ①The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. ②
The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.
?Difference: ①CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. ②Under CPT the seller?s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the
seller?s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship?s rail.
26. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?
答：?Major similarities: ①The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. ② The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation. ③
The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer?s risk.
?Difference: ①CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport. ②Under CPT the seller?s risk will be transferred
to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller?s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship?s rail.
27. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?
答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially
in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.
28. What are the most commonly used trade terms? 答：FOB, CFR ＆ CIF.
29. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?
答：The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all
the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.
210. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader?s perspective, he is importing.
31. What are the four components of the standard form of a price? 答：A code of currency, a number, a unit and a trade term.
32. While making pricing decision, what major factors should be considered?
答：When a seller is setting his export prices, the major factors he has to consider include cost, anticipated profit, capability of his target market, terms of payment, competition and relationship between the exporter and the importer.
33. What are the differences and similarities between commission and discount?
答：?Similarities: Both commission and discount are used as incentive to promote transactions.
?Differences: ①Commission payment is an add-up on top of the original price, while discount a reduction; ② Commission mainly applies to transactions which involve middleperson or agent. Discount can be used without particular prerequisites.
34. When will an offer be terminated?
答：An offer will be terminated when: ①it is legally terminated (being withdrawn or revoked); ②it is not accepted by the offeree within the validity period or a reasonable period of time; ③it is rejected by the offeree; and ④some uncontrollable events happen, preventing
the offeror from fulfilling his obligations.
35. What are the possible modifications a counteroffer may make to an offer?
答：If a reply to an offer makes modifications in the following aspects, the reply will be considered as a counteroffer: ①price and payment; ②quality and quantity of goods; ③place and time of delivery; ④extent of one party?s liability to the other; ⑤settlement of dispute.
41. What are the two common ways of indicating quality of goods for export?
答：Sale by description and sale by sample are the two common ways of indicating quality of goods for export.
Sale by description is a way to specify the quality of most commodities in international trade. Sale by description may take the form of sale by specification, sale by grade, sale by
standard, sale by brand name or trade mark, sale by origin and sale by descriptions or illustrations.
A sale is made by sample when the seller and buyer agree that samples are used as reference of quality and condition of the goods to be delivered. This method is used when it is difficult to describe quality of the commodity by words. According to the supplier of the sample, there are three cases under sale by sample: sale by seller?s sample, sale by buyer?s sample and sale by counter sample.
42. What are the issues to be concerned when specifying quality clause in a sales contract?
答：When stipulating a quality clause in a sales contract, the following are to be concerned: ①adopting the right way to stipulate the quality: Sale by description is applicable to commodities of which quality can be expressed by some scientific indices. While sale by sample is adopted when it is difficult to describe quality of the commodity by words.
② avoiding double standard, either by description or by sample: When samples are
required under a sale by description, it is essential to indicate that the sample is for reference only.
③ making use of the quality latitude which allows the seller to have flexibility in
controlling the quality because absolute quality is difficult or even impossible to handle. ④in case of a sample provided by the buyer, making use of protecting clause.
43. What are the common ways to measure the weight of export goods?
答：The common ways to measure the weight of export goods include gross weight, net weight, conditioned weight, theoretical weight and legal weight.
①Gross weight refers to the weight of the commodity plus the weight of the packing.
Gross weight is applicable to commodities of comparatively low value.
②Net weight means the actual weight of a commodity itself excluding the weight of the packing. According to CISG Article 56, the weight of a commodity is calculated by its net weight unless otherwise stated in the contract.
③Conditioned weight is adopted for moisture unstable commodities with high value, such
as wool.
④The weight is a theoretical weight when the total weight of the product is calculated by multiplying the total quantity and the unit weight, rather than measured actually. Theoretical weight is applicable to commodities of standardized sizes and specifications.
⑤Legal weight is the weight of the goods including the immediate, inner, or direct packing
of the goods. According to the customs laws and regulations in some countries, legal weight is usually used as the basis for tariff calculation.
44. What are the different ways of calculating the tare when net weight is used?
答：In international trade, tare can be calculated by actual/real tare, by average tare, by
customary tare or by computed tare when net weight is used and the weight of packing, i. e. the tare, must be deducted.
①Actual/real tare refers to the actual weight of the packing of the commodities. In order
to get the actual tare of the goods, each packing of a good has to be weighed in order to get a total.
②By average tare, the weight of the packing is calculated on the basis of the average.
The average tare can be calculated by weighing a part of the packing of the commodities and working out the average when the packing materials are uniform and the specifications of goods are standardized.
③The packing of some commodities are unified and standardized and the weight of the
packing is known and accepted by everyone. In this case, the recognized weight of the packing, which is called the customary tare, can be used in calculating the net weight.
④Computed tare is the weight of the packing agreed upon by the parties concerned. In
this case, the net weight is calculated by deducting the tare previously agreed upon from the gross weight of the commodity.
45. What are the issues to be concerned when specifying quantity clause in a sales contract?
答：When stipulating a quantity clause in a sales contract, the following are to be concerned: ①adopting the right unit measurements
In international trade, the quantity of commodities is always shown as a specific amount in different measurement units such as weight, number, length, area and volume, etc. Since different commodities have different natures and characteristics, the adoption of measurement units varies. Therefore, the quantity of the contract commodity must be measured in the right measurement unit.
②being aware of different measurement units
Due to the existence of different measurement systems in the world, traders need to be aware of the consistency of system. A notable fact is that some units in different systems carry the same name though; they are indicating standards of measurement with significant difference. In addition, it is true that due to the local background and customary practice, different countries adopt different systems of measurement. Therefore, traders need to clarify the use of unit and measurement system to avoid unnecessary disputes.
③making use of the more or less clause which allows the seller to have flexibility in
making shipment because absolute quantity is difficult or even impossible to handle
“More or less clause” refers to the stipulation constituting part of the quantity clause in the contract that allows the seller to deliver the goods with a certain percentage of more or less in
quantity accordingly. The use of “more or less clause” is for the sake of efficient shipment and less complexity in contract execution because in practice it is not that easy to control the quantity of goods supplied strictly and exactly.
51. Under what circumstances does time of shipment equal to the time of delivery? 答：Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment while time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.
For all shipment contracts, time of shipment equals to time of delivery and they can be used interchangeably in the contract. According to Incoterms 2000, contracts concluded on the basis of terms like FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT, CIP are shipment contracts. Under the shipment contract, the seller fulfills his obligation of delivery when the goods are shipped on board the vessel or delivered to the carrier and the seller only bears all risks prior to shipment.
52. What are the functions of a bill of lading?
答：A bill of lading has three major functions: First, it is a cargo receipt. Second, it is evidence of a contract of carriage. Finally, it is a document of title to the goods.
53. What are the main types of bills of lading?
答：Bills of lading can be classified into various forms according to different standards. ①According to whether the goods have been loaded on board the carrying vessel, bills of lading can be classified into shipped (or on board) B/L and received for shipment (or received) B/L.
② According to the apparent condition of the received cargo, bills of lading can be
classified into clean B/L and unclean B/L.
③According to the address of the consignee, bills of lading can be divided into straight B/L, order B/L and open B/L.
④ According to whether transshipment is involved in transit, bills of lading can be
classified into direct B/L and transshipment B/L.
⑤According to the perplexity or simplicity of the bill content, bills of lading can be classified into long form B/L and short form B/L.
⑥According to the payment condition of freight, bills of lading can be classified into
freight prepaid B/L and freight to be collected B/L.
⑦According to the validity, bills of lading are classified into original B/L and copy B/L. ⑧Other forms of bill of lading also exist according to different circumstances. They are stale B/L, ante-dated B/L, advance B/L and on-deck B/L.
54. What are the ways of dividing charges of loading and unloading in a charter party? 答：Four methods are usually used to divide the expenses of loading and unloading between the ship-owner and the charterer:
①Liner Terms/Gross Terms or In and Out (I. ＆ O): The ship-owner bears loading and
unloading cost.
②Free In (F. I. ): The ship-owner is only responsible for unloading cost. ③Free Out (F. O. ): The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.
④Free In and Out (F. I. O. ): The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost. Or F. I. O. S. T. (free in and out, stowed and trimmed): The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.
55. What factors are to be concerned in stipulating clause of delivery in a contract? 答：The shipment clause in a sales contract usually includes stipulations concerning time of delivery (time of shipment), port (place) of shipment and port (place) of destination, partial shipments, transshipment, or lay days, demurrage and dispatch money.
61. What are the four insurance principles guiding insurance practice in China?
答：The four principles guiding insurance practice in China are the Insurable Interest Principle, the Utmost Good Faith Principle, the Indemnity Principle and the Proximate Cause Principle.
62. What are the differences between general average and particular average?
答：Although both general average and particular average belong to the category of partial loss, there is still some differences between them:
①Causes: Particular average is a kind of cargo loss usually caused directly by sea perils,
while general average is caused by intentional measures taken to save the common interest.
②Indemnification: Particular average is often borne by the party whose cargo is damaged, while general average should be proportionally contributed among all parties benefited from the intentional measures.
63. What are the conditions for general average?
答：A partial loss can be treated as general average if it is formed upon the following conditions:
①The danger that threats the common safety of cargo and/or vessel shall be materially
existent and is not foreseen.
②The measures taken by the master shall be aimed to remove the common danger of both vessel and cargo and shall be undertaken deliberately and reasonably for common safety.
③The sacrifice shall be specialized and not caused by perils directly and the expense
incurred shall be additional expense which is not within the operation budget.
④The actions of the ship?s master shall be successful in saving the voyage.
64. What are the differences between the scope of ICC (B) and ICC(C)?
答：The scope of ICC (C) covers loss of or damage to the cargo attributable to fire or explosion; vessel of craft being stranded, grounded, sunk or capsized; overturning or derailment
of land conveyance; collision or contact of vessel, craft or conveyance with any external object other than water; or discharge of cargo at a port of distress; general average sacrifice; or jettison.
Apart from those covered under ICC (C), the scope of ICC (B) also covers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured attributable to earthquake, volcanic eruption or lightning; washing overboard; entry of sea, lake or river water into vessel, craft, conveyance, container, liftvan or place of storage; or total loss of any package lost overboard or dropped whilst loading onto or unloading from, vessel or craft.
65. List the risks that are known as general additional coverage.
答：General additional insurance coverage mainly covers 11 types of risks: ①T. P. N. D (Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery) ②Fresh Water Rain Damage ③Risk of Shortage
④Risk of Intermixture and Contamination ⑤Risk of Leakage
⑥Risk of Clash and Breakage ⑦Risk of Odor
⑧Heating and Sweating Risk ⑨Hook Damage ⑩Risk of Rust ?Breakage of Packing Damage
66. What are main expenses involved in ocean marine insurance? How to define them? 答：Marine cargo insurance also covers the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce the damage to or loss of the subject matter insured. There are mainly two types of expenses. One is sue and labor expenses, the other is salvage charges.
Sue or labor expenses are extraordinary expenses made in a time of peril by the insured to act to avert, or minimize any loss of or damage to the subject matter insured. Salvage charges are expenses resulting from measures properly taken by a third party other than the insured, his agents, or any person employed by them to preserve maritime property from perils at sea.
67. What documents are needed when an insurance claim is made?
答：When making an insurance claim, the claimant usually is required to submit the following documents:
①Original insurance policy or insurance certificate ②Original bill of lading or other transport document ③Commercial invoice ④Packing list
⑤Certificate of Loss (Certificate of Survey)
⑥The landing account or weight notes (notes on weight) at destination
⑦Any correspondence with the carrier or any other party who could be responsible for the loss or damage
⑧Master?s protest
68. What are the prerequisites for a claim? 答：The prerequisites for a claim are: ① The risks exposed to the goods insured should fall within the insurance coverage stipulated in the insurance policy.
②The claimant should be able to evidence the insurable interest he has in the goods
insured.
③The risks covered should occur within the duration of the insurance liability.
71 After Bank X advised exporter Y of the L/C, the shipment was made. When the cargo was on the way, the importer filed for bankruptcy. Is Y out of luck of collecting the payment? Can the opening bank refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank? Why or why not?
答：No, exporter Y does not need to worry about the payment. Because the payment is by
L/C, the issuing bank is responsible for making payment regardless of the importer?s situation. But the condition is that exporter Y can fulfill all the requirements listed on the L/ C. According to UCP600, a credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the opening bank to pay or to pay at maturity in case of acceptance. Therefore once the stipulated documents are presented to the opening bank and the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with, the opening bank cannot refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank.
72. An L/C does not indicate whether it is revocable or not, is it revocable? Can a revocable credit be transferable?
答：According to UCP600, if an L/C does not indicate whether it is irrevocable or not, it
will be considered as irrevocable. And a transferable L/C must be irrevocable.
73. After a gullible importer paid Bank C against the seemingly correct shipping documents, he went to take the delivery, but found out that the goods were inferior counterfeits. Is Bank C liable under UCP600? Can the importer do anything in order to recover the loss?
答：Bank C is not liable in this case because UCP600 stipulates that in credit operations
all parties concerned deal with documents, and not with goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate. In order to recover the loss, the importer should rely on the sales contract and seek for solution.
74. An exporter, Wu Co., received an L/C issued by Bank B and confirmed by Bank K. After Wu shipped the goods, Bank B declared bankruptcy. Will Wu have sleepless nights?
答：No, Wu Co. does not need to worry about the payment. When the L/C is confirmed,
the confirming bank holds the same definite undertaking as the issuing bank to pay or to pay at maturity in case of acceptance.
75. How does a payment credit differ from a sight credit? 答：A payment credit could be settled by sight payment or deferred payment. In both cases, a draft drawn on the issuing bank may not be necessary. While when a sight credit is used, payment would be made immediately against a sight draft and required commercial documents.
76. Are the following credits transferable?(A) This L/C is assignable; (B) This L/C is transmissible; (C) This L/C is fractionable; (D) This L/C is divisible.
答：According to UCP600, a credit can be transferred only if it is expressly designated as
“transferable” by the issuing bank. Terms such as “divisible”, “fractionable”, “assignable”, and “transmissible” do not render the Credit transferable.
77. Under an anticipatory credit, the exporter made an advance, but disappeared without presenting the documents as required. Who is liable for repayment of the advance?
答：The special clause is required by the applicant, as a result he has to make repayment
of the advances if the beneficiary fails to present documents for settlement.
78. Why is a back-to-back credit needed? Give an example. 答：A back to back credit is normally used by middleperson for the protection of his interest. For example, agent A received a documentary credit from the end buyer B, A can use this credit as a backup to apply for the opening of a new credit in favor of the end supplier C. By doing so A can be sure that neither B nor C would know each other, therefore well protecting A?s business confidentiality.
79. What is the difference between a back-to-back credit and a transferable credit? 答：When a back-to-back credit is used, there actually involve two credits. When a transferable credit is used, operation is based on only one credit.
81. What are the basic requirements for export documentation? 答： Generally speaking, export documentation should meet the following basic requirements: correctness, completeness, conciseness, cleanness and promptness.
①Documents are correct and accurate if the content (including the exact words used)
conforms to that in the letter or credit and format of the documents is in line with the requirement. Aside from these, correctness is met when the right types of documents are prepared and the right number of the originals and duplicates are presented.
②To be complete, all necessary documents ( including the types and number of originals
and duplicates) are prepared and presented in a complete set.
③To achieve concise, the seller shall make sure that all documents should avoid redundant, unnecessary or ambiguous words or expressions.
④To be clean, documents should bear no marks of correction on the face.
⑤To be prompt, the seller should then prepare the documents in time and present them within the time for presentation stipulated in the letter of credit. This lives up to the requirement of promptness.
82. What are the information sources for export documentation?
答：The sales contract, the L/C and original information obtained from the original documents provided by manufacturers may be the prerequisites, i. e. the information criteria for export documentation.
①The sales contract is the basis of any other documents produced and all documents must
be made out in strict conformity with the contractual terms.
②If a transaction is made with payment by L/C, the credit will list all the documents required as the condition for the issuing bank to hold the liability of payment, independent of the importer.
③Contents of documents should be subject to original information obtained from the
original documents provided by manufacturers (e.g. Packing list). These documents become the information bases for documentation.
83. What documents the exporter is normally asked to submit when chartering or booking shipping space?
答：When chartering or booking shipping space for the carriage of export goods, the
exporter is normally asked to submit a booking note. A booking note is a form which is to be filled out by the exporter which provides the carrier or the shipping agent with all the necessary particulars about the shipment. The supporting documents such as copy of the sales contract, invoice and packing list may also be required by the carrier.
84. What are the main documents required for the negotiation of payment?
答：The main documents required for the negotiation of payment settlement generally include the commercial invoice, the packing list, the bill of lading, the insurance policy, etc. Apart from these documents, there are also other types of documents required by the buyer and submitted to the bank for negotiation. In addition to the submission of the above documents, the exporter he may also fill out a bill of exchange (a draft).
85. What should the sellers do to ensure that the documents required can be presented correctly, completely and promptly?
答：Correctness, completeness, and promptness are the basic requirements for export
documentation.
①To achieve correct and accurate if the content (including the exact words used) conforms to that in the letter or credit and format of the documents is in line with the requirement. Aside from these, correctness is met when the right types of documents are prepared and the right
number of the originals and duplicates are presented.
②To be complete, all necessary documents ( including the types and number of originals and duplicates) are prepared and presented in a complete set.
③To be prompt, the seller should then prepare the documents in time and present them
within the time for presentation stipulated in the letter of credit. This lives up to the requirement of promptness.
91. What are the ways to stipulate inspection time and place according to CISG 1980? 答：The inspection of the goods can be conducted at various stages of the trade process. There are generally three ways to stipulate the place and time of inspection in the sales contract: inspection at the factory or at the port of shipment, inspection at the port of destination and inspection at the port of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destination.
92. What are the reasons that cause disputes in international trade?
答：In international trade practice, the main reasons for disputes can be concluded into three categories: breach of contract by the seller, breach of contract by the buyer and breach of contract by both the seller and the buyer.
A seller may be considered to have breached a contract if he fails to make delivery of the goods that are in strict conformity with the contract or the L/C within the contracted shipment time or fails to present the complete and adequate shipping documents within the stipulated time period.
A buyer may breach a contract if he fails to open the relevant L/C in time or fails to accept the goods without sufficient reasons under an L/C payment; or fails to dispatch the vessel or notify the seller under FOB terms.
Breach of contract by both parties may arise due to the misunderstanding or miscomprehension of a contract that is not clearly stipulated.
93. What are the ways to stipulate a claim clause?
答：Normally, there are two ways to stipulate a claim clause in the contract: discrepancy and claim clause and penalty clause. For most transactions, only discrepancy and claim clause is stipulated, while for transactions where goods in substantial quantity or large mechanical equipment are concerned, a penalty clause will be necessary in case one party fails to implement the contract such as non-delivery, delayed delivery, delayed opening of L/ C, etc.
94. What is the main content of the discrepancy and claim clause?
答：The main content of a claim clause include: ①the relevant evidences or proofs to be presented and the relevant authoritative body for issuing the certificate; ②a period within which a claim is lodged; ③ways to settle disputes.
95. What are the differences between arbitration and litigation?
答: Arbitration is applied on the will of both parties concerned. In case no agreement can
be reached, neither party can force the other to submit to arbitration. However while resorting to litigation, the plaintiff may take a unilateral action against the defendant without agreement between the two parties in advance.
①The arbitration organization is not an official one. The parties in question can appoint
their own arbitrator respectively, however the third one will be appointed by the arbitration institution. By contrast, judges in litigation should be appointed by the government.
②The award made by arbitrators is final and binding on both parties, that is, neither party
of the dispute shall bring an appeal for revision before a law court or any other organizations. An arbitral award once made has the force of law, but there is no need to register and keep it in a law court. While in the case of litigation, if the parties concerned refuse to obey the verdict, they can retain the right to appeal to a higher court.
96. What are the contents of an arbitration clause?
答：An eligible, effective, complete and accurate arbitration agreement or arbitration clause should have the following elements: place of arbitration, the name of the arbitration body, the applicable arbitration rules, the arbitration award, etc.
Ⅴ. Calculation
41. Company C has a contract to export 10 metric tons of Seafood, to be packed in cartons each of 40 lb. (1 lb＝0.453 58kg), with a 5％ more or less allowed both in quantity
and in amount.
?How many cartons of Seafood can Company C deliver at most? ?How many cartons of Seafood should Company C deliver at least? 解：1 lb＝0.45358kg, so 40 lb＝18.144kg
Maximum: [10×1000kg×(1＋5％)] / 18.144 ＝578.7 (Attention: 0.7 should be deleted here) ＝578 cartons Minimum: [10×1000kg×(1－5％) ] / 18.144 ＝523.6 (Attention: 0.6 should be added here) ＝524 cartons
Answer: ①At most, Company C can deliver 578 cartons of Seafood.
②At least, Company C should deliver 524 cartons.
51. The price quoted by an exporter was “USD38 per case FOB Liverpool”. The importer requested a revised CFR Liverpool price. If the size of each case was 50cm×40cm ×30cm, gross weight per case was 40kg, freight basis was W/M and the quotation for London is USD100 per ton of carriage, plus 20 ％ bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and 10 ％
currency adjustment factor (CAF), what would be the CFR price? 解：W＝40kg＝0.04 m/t M＝50cm×40cm×30cm＝0.5×0.4×0.3
＝0.06cm3 M＞W, M will be used as freight basis for freight calculation Freight per case＝M×basic freight rate×(1＋BAF rate＋CAF rate)
＝0.06×100×(1＋20％＋10％)＝USD 7.8
CFR＝FOB＋Freight＝38＋7.8＝USD 45.80
Answer: The CFR price would be USD 45.80 per case CFR Liverpool.
52. There is one consignment of 10 cartons of leather shoes, measurement of each carton is 50x50x50cm, gross weight of each is 15KG. The air freight rate quoted for the flight required is USD 1.3/KG. How much air freight should be paid to the carrier?
解：W＝15kg (50 × 50 × 50) = 20.83????????3 M =
6000????????M＞W 3Freight＝USD 1.3/kg×20.83×10 cartons＝USD 270.79
Answer: The air freight is USD 270.79.
53. Company A is to deliver a small consignment of Hardware (Total:
120ctn/3cbm/6.5mt) from Shenzhen, China to Berlin, Germany. The LCL ocean freight rate is USD 45.00 per rate ton (1cbm: 1mt). How much is the freight?
解：Total Weight=6.5 m/t
Total Measurement=3 cbm
M > W, so M is used as calculation basis. Total Freight=Basic Freight Rate×Total Quantity
=45.00×6.5=USD 292.50
Answer: The total freight would be USD 292.50.
54. Company B is to export their goods by three 1×20′ FCL Containers from Guangzhou, China to Felixstow, UK. The quotation for FCL ocean freight rate is as follows:
O/F (Ocean freight) rate: USD 750.00/20′ BAF: USD 500.00/20′
CAF: 12% on the freight rate
ISPS: (International ship and port facility security) USD 100.00/20′ How much is the total freight? 解：Total Freight=[O/F×(1+CAF)+BAF+ISPS]×Quantity
=[750×(1+12%)+500+10]×3 =1 350×3=USD 4,050.00
Answer: The total freight would be USD 4,050.00.
55. Company C is to deliver by air 10 sets of Hi-fi Equipments to Paris, France. The total weight is 550 kg and the measurement is 2.5 cbm. The Air freight quoted by a logistics company is as follows:
A/F (Airfreight) rate: CNY 10.00/kg FSC (Fuel surcharge): CNY 11.00/kg SCC (Security surcharge): CNY 1.20/kg How much is the total air freight? 解：Total Freight=550kg Total Measurement: 2.5 m3÷6,000cm3 =2.5×1,000,000 cm3÷6 000cm3=2.5×167≈417kg
W > M, so W is used as the calculation basis. Total air freight=(A/F+FSC+SCC)×Quantity
= (10.00+11.00+1.20)×550=CNY 12,210.00
Answer: The total air freight would be CNY 12,210.00.
61. A Chinese company offered to a British counterpart at USD500 per case FOB
Shanghai. The British importer asked the exporter to offer a CIF price. Suppose the freight is USD 50 per case and premium rate is 0.5％, what would the new offer be?
解：Calculation:
CIF = 500 + 50 = ????????????553
FOB＋F 1= －110％ × R 1－110％ × 0.5%
Answer: The new offer is USD 553 per case CIF Shanghai.
62. Company A transacted with Company B, exporting frozen food under CIF. The total amount of the invoice value was USD 10,00 0. The premium rate was 0. 4％ and the goods were insured for F. P. A. with a markup of 10％. Please calculate the insurance amount and
insurance premium respectively?
解：Calculation
Insurance amount＝CIF×(1＋markup rate)
＝10000×110％＝USD 11, 000
Insurance premium＝CIF insurance amount×insurance rate
＝1100×0.4％＝USD 44
Answer: The insurance amount and insurance premium are USD 11, 000 and USD 44 respectively.
63. Our exporting company offered light industrial products to a British importer at GBP10,000 per metric ton CIF London (insurance for All Risks with 10％ markup and 1％
premium rate). However, the importer intended to effect insurance by himself, as a result, he counter-offered CFR price. What is the CFR price? How much premium should the exporter need to deduct from the CIF price?
解：Calculation: CFR＝CIF×(1－110％×R)＝10000×(1－110％×1％)＝GBP 9890 Insurance premium＝CIF －CFR＝10000－9890＝GBP 110
Answer: The CFR price is GBP 9890 per metric ton CFR London and the exporter should deduct GBP 110 from the CIF price as the premium.