(2018· 江苏省南京市学情调研)
The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The one most widely accepted today is based on the __1__ that drama evolved from ritual(宗教仪式).The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning，human beings __2__ the natural forces of the world—even the seasonal changes—as unpredictable，and they sought through various means to __3__ these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to __4__ the desired results were then kept and repeated until they changed into __5__ rituals.
__6__ stories arose which explained or masked the mysteries of the rituals.As times passed，some rituals were __7__，but the stories，later called myths，continued to exist and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rituals contained the __8__ of theatre because music，dance，masks，and __9__ were almost always used.__10__，a suitable site had to be provided for performances and __11__ the entire community did not participate ，a(n) __12__ division was usually made between the “area of acting and the theatre in which an audience sits ”.Besides，there were performers，and，since considerable importance was __13__ to avoiding mistakes in the practice of rituals，religious leaders usually __14__ that task.Wearing masks and costumes，they often imitated (模仿) other people，animals，or supernatural beings，and mimed (用哑剧表演出) the __15__ effect—success in hunt or battle，the coming rain，the revival of the Sun—__16__ an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from __17__ activities.
Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in __18__.According to this view，tales about the hunt，war or other things are told and gradually spread.__19__ through the use of action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different
person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily gymnastic or that are __20__ of animal movements and sounds. 【语篇解读】 文章介绍了关于古希腊戏剧的起源。 1.A.background C.evidence
B.assumption D.theory
答案 B [background “背景”；assumption “假定，假设”；evidence “证据”；theory “理论”。句意：关于古希腊戏剧的开始有许多理论。其中一个最普遍为人接受的假设认为戏剧是从宗教仪式演化而来。故选B。] 2.A.viewed C.imagined
B.employed D.dismissed
答案 A [view “考虑，认为”；employ “雇佣”；imagine “想象”；dismiss “解散，解雇”。句意：人类认为世界的自然力量，甚至季节性变化，是不可预测的，他们试图通过各种方式去控制这些未知的、令人恐惧的力量。故选A。] 3.A.take C.guarantee
B.possess D.control
答案 D [take “拿，占”；possess “拥有”；guarantee “保证”；control “控制”。参看上一题解析。故选D。] 4.A.start C.bring
B.show D.continue
答案 C [start “开始”；show “展示”；bring “带来”；continue “继续”。句意：这些措施似乎带来了预期的效果，然后得到不断重复，直到它们变成了固定的仪式。故选C。] 5.A.usual C.convincing
B.direct D.fixed
答案 D [usual “通常，经常”；direct “径直的”；convincing “令人信服的，有说服力的”；fixed “固定的”。参看上一题解析。故选D。] 6.A.Apparently C.Eventually
B.Actually D.Naturally
答案 C [apparently “明显的”；actually “事实上”；eventually “最后地”；naturally
“自然地”。句意：最后解释或掩盖神秘的仪式的故事出现了。故选C。] 7.A.spread C.followed
B.abandoned D.celebrated
答案 B [spread “传播”；abandon “放弃”；follow “跟着”；celebrate “庆祝”。句意：随着时间的流逝，一些仪式被抛弃，但这些故事，后来被称为神话，继续存在，并给艺术和戏剧提供了材料。故选B。] 8.A.seed C.myth
B.content D.history
答案 A [seed “种子”；content “内容”；myth “神话，虚构的人”；history “历史”。句意：那些认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人还认为，这些仪式包含了戏剧的萌芽，因为使用了音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装。故选A。] 9.A.costumes C.instructions
B.routines D.performances
答案 A [costume “服装”；routine “程序，日常工作”；instruction “指令，命令”；performance “表现，表演”。参看上一题解析。故选A。] 10.A.As a result C.On the contrary
B.In fact D.In addition
答案 D [as a result “因此”；in fact “事实上”；on the contrary “相反”；in addition “另外”。根据下文“besides”提示可知，此处表示递进。故选D。] 11.A.when C.unless
B.although D.while
答案 A [句意：此外，必须为演出提供一个合适的场地。如果不是所有人共同参与，在表演的舞台与观众就坐的地区之间有一个明显的分界线。when “如果”引导条件状语从句，例如How can I get a job when I can’t even read or write？如果我连读和写都不会，我怎么找到工作？符合语境。故选A。] 12.A.deep C.clear
B.equal D.extra
答案 C [deep “深的”；equal “平等的”；clear “清楚的”；extra “额外的”。参看上一题解析。故选C。] 13.A.attached
B.related
C.committed D.tied
答案 A [be attached to “附属于”；be related to “与……有联系”；be committed to “献身于，致力于”；be tied to “束缚于，捆绑于”。句意：此外，还有演员，而且因为避免在仪式出错相当重要。] 14.A.put up C.took on
B.took up D.put on
答案 C [句意：宗教领袖通常承担那项任务。put up“张贴”；took up“占空间，举起”；took on呈现，承担”；put on “穿上”。根据句意选C。] 15.A.unexpected C.prepared
B.unpredicted D.desired
答案 D [unexpected “意外的”；unpredicted “未预测到的”；prepared “准备好的”；desired “渴望的，想得到的”。句意：戴着面具，穿着各种服装，他们经常模仿其他人、物、或超自然的生灵，还用动作表演来表现出想要得到的效果——打猎或战斗的胜利，即将到来的雨，太阳的升起——就像演员做得一样。故选D。] 16.A.whenever C.whatever
B.as D.so
答案 B [whenever “无论什么时候”；as “像……一样”；whatever “无论什么”；so “因此”。参看上一题解析。故选B。] 17.A.social C.economic
B.political D.religious
答案 D [social “社会的，社会上的，交际的，社交的”；political “政治的”；economic “经济的”；religious “宗教的”。根据上文提示可知，后来，这种戏剧性的表演与宗教活动分离了。故选D。] 18.A.accounts C.descriptions
B.story-telling D.drama-writing
答案 B [account “账，账目，存款，记录”；story-telling “讲故事”；description “描述”；drama-writing “写戏剧”。根据下一句话中“tales about the hunt，war or other things are told”提示可知，另一种理论认为，戏剧的起源来自人类对讲故事的兴趣。故选B。] 19.A.at that time
B.at a time