B. replacement of quotas with tariffs
C. reduction of subsidies on industrial products and on agricultural exports *D. liberalization in trade in most services 思考题：
进口关税和进口配额的经济效应有何不同？
为什么说WTO允许采用的贸易救济措施，如“两反两保”也是贸易保护主义行为？ 我国为什么是全球反倾销的最大受害国？如何应对？
我国面临的反补贴措施的最近情况如何？对我国有何影响？如何应对？ Chapter 10: Economic Integration: Customs Unions and Free Trade Areas Multiple-choice Questions:
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
*A. In a customs union, member nations apply a uniform external tariff
B. in a free-trade area, member nations harmonize their monetary and fiscal policies C. within a customs union there is unrestricted factor movement
D. a customs union is a higher form of economic integration than a common market
2. A customs union that allows for the free movement of labor and capital among its member nations is called a: A. preferential trade arrangement B. free-trade area *C. common market D. all of the above
3. A trade-creating customs union is one where:
A. lower-cost imports from outside the customs union are replaced by higher-cost imports from a union member
*B. some domestic production in a member nation is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation
C. trade among members increases but trade with nonmembers decreases
D. trade among members decreases while trade with nonmembers increases
4. A trade-diverting customs union:
A. increases trade among union members and with nonmember nations B. reduces trade among union members and with nonmember nations *C. increases trade among members but reduces trade with non-members D. reduces trade among union members but increases it with nonmembers
5. A trade-diverting customs union results in: A. trade diversion only B. trade creation only
*C. both trade creation and trade diversion D. we cannot say
6. The formation of a trade-creating customs union where all economic resources of member
nations are fully employed before and after the formation of the customs union leads to an:
*A. increase in the welfare of member and nonmember nations B. increase in the welfare of member nations only C. increase in the welfare of nonmember nations only
D. increase or decrease in the welfare of member and nonmember nations
7. A trade-diverting customs union:
A. increases the welfare of member and nonmember nations B. reduces the welfare of member and nonmember nations
C. increases the welfare of member nations but reduces that of nonmembers *D. reduces the welfare of nonmembers and may increase or reduce that of members
8. A trade-diverting customs union is more likely to lead to trade creation: A. the lower are the pre-union trade barriers of the member countries
*B. the lower are the customs union's barriers on trade with the rest of the world C. the smaller is the number of countries forming the customs union and the smaller their size
D. the more complementary rather than competitive are the economies of the nations forming the customs union
9. The theory of customs union is a special case of the theory of: A. effective protection *B. the second best C. the product cycle D. comparative advantage
10. Which is not a dynamic benefit from the formation of a customs union? A. increased competition B. economies of scale C. stimulus to investment *D. trade creation
11. The formation of the EU resulted in:
A. trade creation in industrial and agricultural products B. trade diversion in industrial and agricultural products
*C. trade creation in industrial products and trade diversion in agricultural products D. trade diversion in industrial products and trade creation in agricultural products
12. The benefit that the United States is likely to receive from NAFTA: *A. increasing competition in product and resource markets B. greater technical innovation C. improvements in its terms of trade
D. all of the above
13. The benefit that Mexico is likely to receive from NAFTA: A. greater export-led growth
B. encouraging the return of flight capital C. more rapid structural change *D. all of the above
14. Which is a stumbling block to successful economic integration among groups of developing nations?
A. benefits are not evenly distributed among nations
B. many developing nations are not willing to relinquish part of their newly-acquired sovereignty to a supranational community body, as required for successful economic integration
C. the complementary nature of their economies and competition for the same world markets for their agricultural exports *D. all of the above
15. The formation of a free trade area among the countries of Eastern Europe is advocated in order to: A. restore trade trading
*B. retain the traditional trade links that can be justified on market principles C. reduce the need for structural change D. none of the above 思考题：
建立关税同盟对成员国和非成员国有何短期和长期影响？
为什么我国一方面积极加入WTO,另一方面也积极参加各种区域一体化组织？这两种类型的一体化关系如何？
为什么关税同盟理论是次优理论的一个例子？