C. may increase or reduce the nation's welfare *D. all of the above
14. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation: A. improves its terms of trade B. reduces the volume of trade C. increases the nation's welfare *D. all of the above
15. The optimum tariff for a small nation is: A. 100% B. 50%
*C. 0 D. depends on elasticities 思考题：
大国和小国征收进口关税的经济效应有何不同？ 有效保护率的含义是什么？它与名义保护率有何关系？
结合世贸组织网址上有关各成员国的关税数据，分析目前各国的关税结构呈现什么特征？为什么会呈现这些特征？
Chapter 9: Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism Multiple-choice Questions: 1. An import quota:
A. increases the domestic price of the imported commodity B. reduces domestic consumption C. increases domestic production *D. all of the above
2. An increase in the demand of the imported commodity subject to a given import quota:
A. reduces the domestic quantity demanded of the commodity *B. increases the domestic production of the commodity C. reduces the domestic price of the commodity D. reduces the producers' surplus
3. Adjustment to any shift in the domestic demand or supply of an importable commodity occurs:
A. in domestic price with an import quota B. in the quantity of imports with a tariff
C. through the market mechanism with an import tariff but not with an import quota
*D. all of the above
4. An international cartel refers to: A. dumping
*B. an organization of exporters C. an international commodity agreement D. voluntary export restraints
5. The temporary sale of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business is called: *A. predatory dumping B. sporadic dumping C. continuous dumping D. volu