第一节 句子成分的译法
?英语的句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。由于英汉两种语言表达方式的差异，使得我们在翻译句子的过程中，即不能按原文句子的语法成分来译，更不能逐词死译、硬译。尤其是科技英语的翻译，译者既要准确地表达原句的内容，使译文符合技术规范，又要使译文通顺易懂，符合汉语的表达习惯。这就需要译者在认真分析和理解原文的基础上，在翻译实践中，根据汉语的表达习惯对原句子成分进行适当的调整和转换。那么如何进行调整与转换呢？这就是本节所要讨论的内容。 ?一、主语的译法
?（一）照译?1．如果英语的主语是名词、代词、数词、单个的动名词和不定式等，一般可以照译成汉语的主语。如：?The pump uses a dual-pitch screw design.?这种泵是用双齿距螺旋设计。?Burning takes place much faster in pure oxygen than in air.
?燃烧在纯氧中比在空气中快得多。?We often use a gas adsorption to concentrate contaminants.?我们经常用气体吸附来浓缩污染物。
?2．如果原文中的主语是动词不定式短语或动名词短语，汉译时，常译为汉语的动宾结构词组作句子的主语。如：?To develop better mechanical properties is the purpose of many metal working processes.?获得更好的机械性能是许多金属加工过程的目的。 ?It is a handy method to test the transistor with an ohmmeter.
?用欧姆表测试晶体管是一个简便的方法。 ?Disassembling the glass in the meter cover will invalidate the explosion-proof meter rating.?拆卸仪表盖的玻璃会使防暴仪表的额定值无效。?Using a person’s voice as an identifier is based on the fact that the geometry of the vocal tract differ greatly from person to person.?利用人的语音来验明身份的依据是每个人声道的几何形状大不相同。
?3．在有些英语句子中，当作主语的名词是由动词派生的时，也可以译为动宾结构的短语作主语。如：?The use of seal legs for feeding and discharging solids eliminates the need for complex lock hoppers.?使用封料管来加料和排放固体就不必再使用复杂的封锁料斗了。?The choice of a suitable rubbing surface for frictional measurement is not always easy.?要选一个合适的摩擦面进行摩擦测定并不容易。 ?The adoption of this new device will greatly down the percentage of defective products.?采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。?
?Translate by yourself:?1．To design means to make a drawing of something new.
?2．Waveguide pipes predominated in the transmission technology, even in where power levels were relatively low.
?3．It has no connection with the automatic positioning facilities.
?4．It is necessary to distinguish between the temperature of a body and its heat.?5．Preventing the extinction of wildlife is the only way we can preserve the global environment, the environment in which we humans live.
?6．Installing the electronic units in the ground and leasing telephone wires would cost $15 million.
?7．The application of surfactants aims to simplify work processes.
?8．Introduction of a newly-developed technique will enhance the prospects of success.
?（二）转译为谓语?当英语句子的主语是动作性的名词时，而句子又是there be句型、系表结构或被动句时，原句子的主语常常可以译为汉语句子的谓语。如： ?In consequence, there is no need of axial location.
?因此不需要轴向定位。?The result is that there will be a proliferation of smart, connected devices, from palm-sized and table PCs to Web-enabled phones and AutoPCs.
?这一切将导致智能连接设施的广泛普及，包括掌上电脑，桌面电脑、网络电话和车用电脑。?Care must be exercised to prevent thermal strains from introducing spurious output. ?必须注意防止热应变引起乱真输出。
?Translate by yourself:?1．Since the lines of magnetic force converge and diverge, there is the necessity for a component Br.
?2．The sight of a cherry-picker was a high pitch of excitement near a spacecraft waiting to be launched.
?3．Attempts have even been made to rename the robot. ?（三）转译为宾语
?1．原句如果是被动句，有时可译成汉语的主动句，这时原句子的主语常常被转译成汉语句子的宾语，而整个汉译的句子又是一个无主句。如：
?In turning different materials, different speed should be used. ?在切削不同材料时，应采用不同的速度。
?If a generator is not provided, a battery system with automatic charging features should be provided.
?如果没有发电机，则应配备有自动充电能力的蓄电池系统。 ?The drug must be taken at exactly the right time. ?必须完全准时并严格按计量服用这些药。
?2．有些英语的被动句在译成汉语时，往往可以增译泛指人称作主语。这时原英语句子的主语就常常被译成汉语的宾语。如：?Many processes have already been proposed, and one possible future process is a smelting reduction
?人们已经提出了很多方法，未来可能的选择之一就是熔融还原法。 ?Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. ?有人认为陆地动物是由海洋动物进化而来的。
?3．在含介词短语作状语的被动句里，如果介词的宾语被转译为汉语句子的主语
?那么原英文句子中的主语就可转译为汉语句子的宾语。如：?Attachments are usually not included with standard machine.
?通常，标准机床不包含附件。?Sound absorbing material has been used in walls and ceiling.
?墙壁和天花板使用了吸音材料。?A laser energy attenuator is mounted on the laser exit window.
?激光输出窗口装有激光能量衰减器。
?4．在there be ---句型中，经常把主语转译为汉语的宾语，主要有两种情况：一是单纯的there be 句型，二是有些附加成分。如：
?Even though bearings are usually lubricated, there is friction and some wear.?即使经常给轴承润滑，还存在摩擦与一些磨损。?Above the Curie temperature there is no spontaneous magnetization.?在居里温度以上，没有自发的磁化。 ?There is superficial similarity between the two devices. ?这两个装置在表面上有相似之处。
?3．在含介词短语作状语的被动句里，如果介词的宾语被转译为汉语句子的主语
?那么原英文句子中的主语就可转译为汉语句子的宾语。如：?Attachments are usually not included with standard machine.
?通常，标准机床不包含附件。?Sound absorbing material has been used in walls and ceiling.
?墙壁和天花板使用了吸音材料。?A laser energy attenuator is mounted on the laser exit window.
?激光输出窗口装有激光能量衰减器。
?4．在there be ---句型中，经常把主语转译为汉语的宾语，主要有两种情况：一是单纯的there be 句型，二是有些附加成分。如：
?Even though bearings are usually lubricated, there is friction and some wear.?即使经常给轴承润滑，还存在摩擦与一些磨损。?Above the Curie temperature there is no spontaneous magnetization.?在居里温度以上，没有自发的磁化。 ?There is superficial similarity between the two devices. ?这两个装置在表面上有相似之处。
?5．在it be+过去分词+that结构中，其中it 是形式主语，常常可以通过无主句的形式或增译泛指人称，将that引导主语从句转译成宾语从句。如：
?It has been found that the current mechanism in semi-conductors is entirely different from that in metal conductors.?人们发现，半导体的电流原理与金属导体的电流原理完全不同。（ 增译了泛指人称代词―人们‖）
?It should be realized that on account of the shallow depth the radioactivity measurement is often employed as a better technique.?应该认识到，在浅层条件下采用放射性勘探方法效果一般较好。（译为无主句）
?It should be emphasized that the laser is in no sense an energy source.?应当强调指出，激光器并不是一个能源。（译为无主句） ?Translate by yourself:?1．Several concepts are introduced: decision-making, modeling, dynamics feedback, stability, and logical design.
?2．Now iron and steelmaking processes are now world widely reexamined.
?3．Considerable literature has grown up relating to experimental confirmation of elastohydrodynamic theory.
?4．A wider range of monitor sizes is sought after than ever before.
?5．Once upon a time, bold claims were made about computers, the future and the ―paperless office‖.
?6．The hinge-pin reactions are found by taking a summation of the horizontal and vertical forces.
?7．Defects in welds can be detected by nondestructive testing methods. ?8．There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction.
?9．Up to now, there have been three main options for encoding a message. ?10．There is a brighter future for intelligent devices in the home.
?11．It is recommended that a gauging with GO screw caliper gages should be supplemented by with the GO screw ring gage.?12．It should be noted that such layers with a lower velocity could be detected if account is also taken of shear waves.?13．It is widely acknowledged that these materials can withstand strong stress and high temperature.
?（四）转译为定语?1．在英语句子中，当句子的谓语被转译成汉语的主语时，为了使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，常常可将原英语句子的主语转译成汉语句子的定语。如：?Computers work many times more rapidly tan nerve cells in the human brain.?计算机的
工作比人类大脑中的神经细胞要快很多倍。（谓语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）?Venus rotates very slowly with the result that its cycle of rotation reaches as long as 243 days of the Earth.?金星的自转速度极慢，因此它的自转周期长达243个地球日。（谓语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）?Giraffes were designed with another gimmick to prevent the problem.?长颈鹿的身体构造是由另一诀窍来解决这个问题的。（谓语转译为主语，主语转译为定语） ?2．在have作谓语的句子中，have 的宾语常被转译成汉语的主语时，为了使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，常常可将原英语句子的主语转译成汉语句子的定语。如：?An automobile must have a brake with high efficiency.?汽车的刹车必须高度有效。（宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）?Such bearings have the disadvantage of requiring almost perfect geometry of the raceways and rollers.?这种轴承的缺点是滚道和滚子需要几乎完美的几何形状。 （宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）?Aluminum alloy has low specific electrical resistance and high thermal conductivity.?铝合金的电阻很低，而导热性很高。（宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）
?Being small in size and light in weight, transistors have advantages over vacuum tubes. ?由于尺寸小，重量轻，晶体管的优点比真空管多。（宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语） ??3．在系表结构的句子中，当介词（常为in）的宾语被转译成汉语的主语时，同时省译该介词，可将原英语句子的主语转译成汉语句子的定语。如：?Animals and plants are variable in characters.?动植物的特性是可变的。（介词in宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）?This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation.?这台机器的结构简单，但工作效率很高。（介词in宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）?The DC generator is the same in construction as the DC motor.?直流发电机的构造与直流电动机的相同。（介词in宾语转译为主语，主语转译为定语）
?Translate by yourself:?1．The experiments are designed to validate his theory. ?2．Black holes act like huge drains in the universe.
?3．Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.
?4．Different metals have different coefficients of expansion.
?5．An atom of oxygen is 16 times as much as an atom of hydrogen in weight. ?6．A semi-conductor material is poorer than a conductor in conductivity.
?（五）转译为状语?在英语中表示时间、原因、条件含义的主语汉译时常需转译成汉语的状语。如：?The shortage of 15-inch ones may push up process in the future.?当15英寸显示器缺货，其价格可能会上扬。（主语转译为时间状语）?The result of the innovative design is that the computer becomes much smaller, and works more rapidly.?由于在设计方面的革新，计算机变得小多了，而且工作的速度更快了。（主语转译为原因状语）
?An infected mother can pass AIDS on to he child during pregnancy or childbirth?如果母亲感染上艾滋病毒，在怀孕或分娩期间就会将艾滋病传给孩子。（主语转译为条件状语） ?Translate by yourself:?1．Constant friction against the ship’s side soon galled the cable.
?2．Restricted movement led to an interruption of blood flow.?二、谓语的译法 ?（一）直译?直译就是将英语原文中的谓语仍然已成汉语的谓语。如：
?Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no ―absolute‖ time and space.
?爱因斯坦宣称物质和能量可以互相转化，因此没有―绝对的‖时间和空间。
?Advantages include lower operating temperatures, reduced power usage, clean