solid and liquid particles in the air that can come from natural sources, such as dust storms or wildfires, or from such human activity as the burning of fossil fuels in factories or the use of diesel (柴油机) engines. Other particulates are produced when certain chemicals and substances react with one another in the atmosphere.
The effect of low levels of particulate pollution found in many urban areas is not unlike secondhand smoke, exports say. Studies show that short-term adverse effects from particulates include diminished lung function, coughing, wheezing, cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks. Long-term exposure can also worsen asthma, slow normal lung growth, damage lung airways, and increase the risk of dying from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Certain populations, such as the very old and the very young, are the most vulnerable to air pollution. However, even the most alarming studies conducted in the most polluted areas suggest that the average person's individual risk from exposure (暴露) is very slight. Relative risk numbers often seem more frightening than they actually are. For example, an earlier study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that short-term exposure to traffic fumes tripled ( 成为3倍) the risk of heart attacks in heart-attack survivors. What's easily forgotten, says Rilkin, is that the risk was extremely small to start with. Jogging, for example, could elevate (提高) the risk of a heart attack by a similar amount, says Robert Brook, a cardiac physician at the University of Michigan.
Short of moving to the countryside or at least away from busy roads, shielding yourself from the effects of air pollution is not easy. Masks won't work, as many particles can slip right through. At the very least, suggests Murray Mittleman, a cardiologist at Harvard University, people who regularly exercise outdoors near highways may want to consider remapping their route. 1. What does the underlined sentence in the first paragraph mean? No 1 p 7 A. Rocket scientists are making researches on people’s health. B. It's obvious that air pollution has a bad effect on people’s health. C. People aren't sure whether taking deep breaths on a smoggy day is bad. D. People often have a hard time when taking deep breaths on a smoggy day. 2. The word \ A. easy to be hurt B. easy to be protected C. easy to be used D. easy to be influenced
3. The main idea of Paragraph 4 is _________.
A. that even small risk from particulate causes big problems B. that air pollution often leads to heart attack
C. who are most likely to get affected
D. that we shouldn't worry about the average low risk 4. In order to be healthier, you'd better _________.
A. take deep breaths B. wear a mask C. live in a countryside D. clean the busy road 5. The passage is written in a(n) _________ tone.
A. subjective B. humorous C. doubtful D. objective 答案：
本文主要介绍了空气污染中的微笑颗粒是如何形成和影响人的健康的。 1. B
句义理解题。读完全文，结合上下文语境，不难看出作者此句话的目的是说：不用研究高深科技的火箭专家（研究），人们也知道，在雾天深呼吸对身体健康不利。
2. A 猜测词义题。根据上下文可知老年人和小孩是最容易受到空气污染的危害的故选择
A 项。
3. A 4. C
归纳段落大意题。第4段就是讲相对小的受污染的风险最终会导致很坏的后果。 推理判断题。由文章第一句话可知，深呼吸不一定能够更加健康。根据最后一段中masks won’t work, as many particles can slip right through.可知B项是错误的。最后一段中提到乡村居住是一种降低空气污染的途径，又由文章最后一句people who regularly exercise outdoors near highways may want to consider remapping their route.可推出C项正确。由short-term exposure to traffic fumes tripled （成为3倍） the risk of heart attacks 可知D也不符合文意。
5. D
总体把握题。文章主要讲的是空气污染中的颗粒污染及其危害。作者是以科学客观的态度来写整篇文章的。
4.读写任务
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
\婴儿包) was placed in her arms and when she moved the fold of cloth to look upon his tiny face, she gasped-the baby had been born without ears. Time, however, proved that the baby's hearing was perfect except his
appearance.
One day when he rushed home from school and threw himself into his mother's arms, he cried out bitterly, \...freak.” She sighed, knowing that his life was to be endless of heartbreaks.
He grew up, handsome for his misfortune. A favorite with his fellow students, he might have been class president, but for that. He developed a gift for literature and music.
The boy's father had a talk with the family doctor. Could nothing be done? \believe we could graft (移植) on a pair of outer ears, if they could be donated (捐献),\So the search began for a person who would make such a sacrifice for a young man. Two years went by. Then, \ears you need. But it's a secret.\
The operation was a brilliant success. His talents blossomed (vi.开花) into genius. School and college became a series of successes. Later he married and entered the diplomatic (外交) service. \must know! \enough for him.\not to know ... not yet.\that ever pass through a son. He stood with his father over his mother's casket (棺材). Slowly and tenderly, the father stretched forth a hand and raised the thick, reddish-brown hair to let out the secret. [写作内容]
1．以约30个词概括这个感人的故事；
2．以约120个词，请就“在受别人的帮助中，学会了帮助别人”的话题写一篇英语短文，表达你内心的感受，并包括如下要点：
(1)你看完这个故事后，你如何评价这位母亲的无私行为；
(2)请以你的日常生活经历的事情为例，说明别人的善良行为对你有何影响； (3)你的感想。 [写作要求]
1. 作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；标题自定。
2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。 [写作辅导]
1．写作有可能用到的主要短语和单词：抚养小孩raise one’s children，
2．本文的概要必须包含以下要点：The baby had been born without ears.--/\hospital, son. Mother and I have someone who will donate the ears you need. But it's a secret.\said the father. / The operation was a brilliant success. / ... one of the darkest days that ever pass through a son. He stood with his father over his mother's casket (棺材). Slowly and tenderly, the father stretched forth a hand and raised the thick, reddish-brown hair to let out the secret. 3．本文要注意，概要一定要根据文段的时态来写。同时，绝对不能抄袭原文的句子。文章中要求你看完这个故事后，你如何评价这位母亲的无私行为，属于是评论性文字和结论性的观点，故多用一般现在时或一般将来时态。而“请以你的日常生活经历的事情为例，说明别人的善良行为”属于经历，故用一般过去时。后面对你的影响可以用一般现在时态去写。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：
Help Is Always Unselfish
An unselfish mother donated her ears to her imperfect son without telling him about it. At last, the son got the secret from his father after his mother died.
Help is always unselfish. The mother donated her ears to her son, showing her greatest love to her child. From this, we can know how difficult it is for parents to raise their children. In the daily life, we always get kind help from our teachers, classmates and friends. And their kind help is always unselfish. When I was in Senior Middle School, I lived in the school. Every time when I was ill, my teachers and classmates gave me kind help, taking good care of me all the time. In today's society, I was affected by some bad things, which made me think that there was no kindness in the world. It was my friends who did everything to help me out.
From these experiences, I have realized that helping others is necessary, and true love does