5．Which one of the following statement is TRUE of the red swamp crayfish? [A] The red swamp crayfish is a subtype of the marbled crayfish. [B] The red swamp crayfish carries the virus of a deadly fungal disease. [C] Malagasy originally planned to grow the red swamp crayfish to increase the crop output. [D] There is no doubt that the red swamp will get rid of the local species eventually. [答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

5关于红色龙虾，下列哪个陈述是正确的？ [A] 红色龙虾是大理石龙虾的一种。 [B] 红色龙虾带有一种致命的真菌疾病。 [C]马达加斯加最开始计划培育龙虾来增加作物收成。 [D] 毫无疑问，红色龙虾最终会消灭其他的本地品种。 [分析] 根据第六段，红色龙虾是大理石龙虾的有性生殖兄弟，因此并不是大理石龙虾的一种，A选项是错误的。B选项，第七段提到红色龙虾入侵帮助一种致命的菌类疾病入侵，那么可以推测应该是它本携带有这样的病毒；C选项, 第六段提到的是加引号的粮食，不是真正的作物；D选项，第七段提到红色龙虾会减少，但不一定消灭。因此，B选项为正确答案。

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性是个谜，这不仅仅对于那些研究者来说是这样。通过将自己的基因和一个男性的基因结合，妇女就可以将自己一半的基因传给孩子，而其后代又会见证自己基因的不断二分。在最上端，每个人需要父母两人才能出生意味着人口只能以减半的速度来繁衍。那么，为什么要从一开始就要处理这些杂乱的问题呢？ 班戈区威尔士大学的Julia Jones及其同事可能很快就能给出答案了。他们发现了一种无性繁殖的龙虾，这种龙虾实际上可以克隆自己。事实上Jones博士并不是第一个发现这个物种的人，她是第一个在马达加斯加岛荒野中认出来该物种的。她在采访中说明该物种是2003年左右由经过国家首都安塔那那利佛大路的人带进来的。这种意外的进入为一个事先没有计划的实验做好了伏笔。残忍的数学预言这种被称为大理石龙虾的新物种可能会超出本地龙虾的数量。但是，那些思考性别目的的人认为新物种最终要面对自己的将来。

这些研究者认为，原因在于性别促进了的遗传多样性，是防止疾病的一种保护措施。可以克隆自己十倍的无性物种就好像买了十注彩票，每张彩票都有同一个数字。有性物种的雌性通过自己的努力只拿到五注彩票，但都是不同的数字。但这却是雌性想要丢掉的彩票，因为奖品就是她的后代在感染疾病后会夭折，或者是没有基因组合。如果这种解释是正确的话，大理石龙虾会在不确定的时期内做得非常好，然后就突然消失了。

目前在安塔那那利佛外谷田工作的人们享受着这其中的好处。他们使用压缩牛奶罐沿

着城市的主路来售卖大理石龙虾。甲壳虫现在好像要伸出其桥头堡来，这个国家的其它地方很快也会效仿。

一些专家集合在安塔那那利佛，他们列出了一系列需要研究的问题。其中一个备受

关注的一个问题就是大理石龙虾那些有性生殖的同类可能会在别的地方引起大破坏。沼泽地的红色龙虾已经藏到了伊比利亚岛的谷地中，吃大米的种子，挖下水道管直至管子最终断裂。马达加斯加人希望自己的新朋友能散布到整个国家，从而提供一种新的“粮食”，这种热情却因此可能事与愿违。

另外一个担忧就是红虾入侵者会帮助一种致命的菌类疾病入侵欧洲本地龙虾，这种瘟疫本身是有抵抗力的。这预示着马达加斯加的本土物种会染上这种疾病。如果这些理论家是正确的话，那么瘟疫就是消灭这些新来客的原因，但是也可能扩展到本地的物种中、从而也会减少它们的数量。但是到那时，研究者期望能够有一种包括了很多美味烧烤的实验。

TEXT THREE

It is a curious irony that Europe, which often takes a dim view of market forces, lets them rip in sport, while America, usually the world's most enthusiastic exponent of commerce and its consequences for society, has all sorts of arrangements in place to mitigate its effects on the nation's favourite pastimes. But these days, the American model is gaining adherents in Europe. Sports ministers in many countries are arguing that football needs to be exempted from competition law in order to allow governing bodies to equalise the resources of clubs without risking prosecution. The European Commission's strategy paper on sport, published on July 11th, ignored those calls; but the pressure will not go away.

Professional sport differs from other businesses in one important respect. Rival teams need each other to produce a sellable product: a match. In most businesses co-operation between rivals would attract the ire of antitrust authorities. But in sport, an element of collusion is unavoidable. The balance between collusion and individualism is a hard one to strike, but has been managed reasonably well by Europe's trustbusters. The collective selling of television rights, now the main source of income for football's elite, has usually been sanctioned by the European Commission's antitrust arm. Joint marketing is defensible, because sports contests are by their nature a collaboration.

Egalitarians quibble that the bulk of the money ends up with rich well-supported clubs. The English Premier League, for instance, collectively sells its television rights and splits the proceeds between clubs. But a club's share partly depends on how many of its games are broadcast and how high it finishes in the league, so Chelsea and Manchester United get a bigger slice. The worry is that the continued dominance of

national championships by a few clubs will drive away supporters.

In the United States the baseball, basketball, hockey and American football leagues try to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality through revenue- and talent-sharing agreements, such as “the draft” (baseball even has a specific exemption from antitrust law). But it is not clear that this is either necessary or desirable. Measures to increase equality within a league take the edge off competition—and therefore, presumably, off the terror that drives sportsmen to excellence.

There is more to sport than watching too well-matched teams vie for supremacy. Professional basketball in America has lost some of its shine since one of Michael Jordan's many retirements ended the Chicago Bulls' dominance of the sport. The lesson from this and from golf's popularity since the emergence of Tiger Woods is that sporting prowess matters more to fans than strict competitive balance.

European football has never been a balanced affair. The very first professional league championship in 1889 was a cakewalk for Preston North End, which went through a 22-game season without losing a match (it won in 1890 too, though never since). Championships in Portugal, Greece, the Netherlands and Scotland are nearly always won by just two or three clubs. Leagues in bigger countries are scarcely less open. Manchester United has won nine out of 15 league titles since the English Premier League was set up in 1992. None of this has impeded the global popularity of football, which has done far better as an export industry than America's more equal sports.

1. The word “mitigate” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) most probably means _____ [A] moderate. [B] enforce. [C] release. [D] meditate.

2． In the field of sport, a change or tendency is taking place gradually in Europe that ______

[A] the government begins to make use of market forces to influence sport.

[B] the government intend to sanction relevant football laws so that all clubs can share resources equally.

[C] the factors of both cooperation and collision are better managed in the sport field. [D] it becomes widely expected that sport could be independent of the market forces.

3. Professional sport differs from other businesses in the following aspects except_____

[A] it is exempted from the influence of antirust authorities. [B] collusion in sport is not counted as a kind of trust.

[C] joint marketing could defend sport from being influenced by antitrust laws. [D] the European Commission support the coalition in sport.

4. Towards the pursue for the equality within a league, the author’s attitude is that_____

[A] Europe should not be too eager to take more measures for the sake of increasing equality within a league.

[B] it is unnecessary to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality.

[C] it is somewhat intricate whether this is necessary or desirable to seek competitive balance.

[D] too much stress on the equality within a league will reduce the sport prowess. 5.From the cases described in the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____ [A] European football is characterized by all sorts of many inequalities. [B] it is impossible to get the absolute competition balance within a league.

[C] the charm of sport itself is more important than competition balance within a league.

[D] there is no need for Europe to imitate the American model since the latter is commercially unsuccessful in practice

篇章剖析：

这篇文章讲述了欧洲和美国体育中市场力量的作用。第一段讲述欧洲的体育界发生了一些变化；第二段讲述体育和其他商业在合作方面的不同；第三段讲述平等主义者的意见；第四段讲述美国体育界减少不平等的措施；第五段讲述体育竞争要比平等更为重要；第六段讲述欧洲足球的相关情况。

词汇注释：