have had to stand their pounding. / They remind me of the British squares at Waterloo. / They are not squares of soldiers, / they do not wear scarlet coats; / they are just ordinary English, Scottish and Welsh folk, / men, women and children, / standing steadfastly together. / But their spirit is the same, / their glory is the same / and, in the end, / their victory will be greater than far-famed Waterloo.

steadfastly /5s? adv. 坚定地；不动摇地 far-famed /5A?/ adj. 声名远扬的

II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. (1) since (2) Not (3) in (4) against (5) After (6) so (7) of (8) to

(9) British (10) before

Unit 2

Text comprehension

I. Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose of writing. C

II. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.

1. T (Refer to Paragraph 1. At the bank, one of the customers inched forward and caused other customers to advance so public order is being disrupted.)

2. T (Refer to the last sentence of Paragraph 4. Caffeine can generally help inspire the spirit of a human, and over-consumption of caffeine can make him restless.)

3. T (Refer to the first two sentences of Paragraph 5: Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. [Humanity wouldn't exist without them.])

4. T (Refer to Paragraph 6. The last two sentences convey the author's opinion on personal space: an individual's personal space should be respected, which shows a person's manners on social occasions.)

5. F (Refer to Paragraph 8. Personal space is psychological. This means when people are absorbed in their inner world, they will pay little attention to the world outside, including their personal space. By this the author intends to explain why people care less about their personal space than ever and why their personal space is shrinking. Undoubtedly, when the invasion of one's space in the physical world is perceived, he will certainly feel that his personal space is shrinking.)

III. Answer the following questions.

1. Refer to Paragraph 1. Because he wants to show the importance of personal space in maintaining public order. If one's personal space is invaded, he may, in preserving his own space, break into others' personal space. The chain action can cause chaos in public order.

2. Refer to Paragraph 2. In Paragraph 2, the author defines personal space as one's individual sphere with the self at the center and a certain distance on each side. It is part of one's privacy, the invasion of which necessarily makes one uneasy.

3. \escalation of the invasion of personal space. The writer used to think this was caused by the \in summer dress some people are more attractive. In addition, he suggests, in seriousness or jest, the stimulating effect of caffeine contributes to the escalation of the invasion of personal space too.

4. In Paragraph 5, the writer mainly describes one important characteristic of personal space: personal space is a relative concept; people in different regions have different concepts of personal space. The size of personal space varies according to where one lives. Where one has a spread, he will have a more spacious concept of personal space than those who do not have a large place of their own.

5. Refer to Paragraph 8. Because people are more self-absorbed than before. In other words they are paying less attention to the outside world, including personal space, than before. The fact that people care less about their personal space in effect encourages space invasion. IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences.

1. The phrase \

2. In hot summer days people can be drawn to each other, especially to the opposite sex (or feel disgusted with the closeness of others).

3. People in different regions have different sizes of personal space.

4. It is quite common that one person occupies a booth and a set of facing seats designed for four people.

5. The author hopes that his own stand against the shrinking of personal space, while small in itself, will nonetheless eventually have a dramatic effect in the same way as the breeze from a butterfly's wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California.

Structural analysis of the text

The author looks at the causes of space invasion in Paragraph 4. He first attributes this phenomenon to the population explosion, then, light-heartedly, to the hot weather and the stimulation of caffeine. But the true cause strikes him as likely to be the decline of manners (Paragraph 6).

He examines the nature of space invasion in Paragraphs 5?. He thinks that space invasion is a public matter. It is more psychological than physical. Rhetorical features of the text

1. Verbs and verbal phrases that describe the behaviour of space invaders: inch toward / wedge themselves in / zigzag through / jostle / refuse to give way / press forward / bump into / stake a claim to / annex / commandeer

2. Verbs and verbal phrases that describe the reaction of those whose space is being invaded: minutely advance toward / sidle up to / shuffle toward Vocabulary exercises

I. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1. drooping; loosened; slackened 2. tone; sound

3. already over-stimulated / restless local people / residents 4. unfriendliness; cold-shouldering

5. membership of a group or organization

II. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase from the box in its appropriate form. 1. sidled up 2. carve out 3. attribute ... to 4. stake a claim 5. tread on 6. plowed into

7. is proportional to

8. breathing down their necks

III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the given words. 1. annoying 2. intuition 3. relented 4. proliferates 5. lamentably 6. expansive 7. routine 8. shrinkage

IV. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B

V. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.

1. Antonym: significantly (considerably, incautiously) 2. Synonym: shrinking (receding, lessening) 3. Antonym: private (personal, individual) 4. Synonym: give (present, confer) 5. Antonym: tightened (tense, rigid) 6. Synonym: recently (currently)

7. Synonym: old-fashioned (odd, antiquated) 8. Synonym: uncomfortable (nervous, upset)

VI. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence. 1. promotion 2. endure 3. willingly 4. canceled

5. the most important thing 6. moderately warm Grammar exercises

I. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the choice you think the most appropriate. 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. B

II. Correct the mistakes, where found, in the following sentences. 1. May Can

2. mightn't can't 3. √

4. may not cannot 5. √

6. can could

7. may can

8. could was able to 9. can may

10. could were able to

III. Rewrite the following sentences, using can, could, may or might. 1. He is in poor health. He could / may / might / can fall ill at any time. 2. John looks pale today. He may be ill. 3. Even experts can make mistakes. 4. John could swim when he was five. 5. Visitors could take photos of the castle.

6. Could / Can / Might / May I borrow your phone?

7. Nobody knows where he is. He could / may / might be in the library or in the lab. 8. John may have read the book on WWII.

9. I looked everywhere but I couldn't find my dictionary.

10. Ken's car had been stolen, so he couldn't have given her a ride. IV. Complete the sentences with so, do / does / did, one or not. 1. so 2. not/so 3. does 4. so 5. one 6. so 7. do 8. did

V. Combine every two sentences into one, using so or such. 1. It is such a surprise that I can't get over it.

2. It was such horrible weather that we spent the whole day indoors. 3. Poor Susan had such a bad headache that she couldn't get to sleep. 4. Jack was so out of breath that he couldn't speak at first.

5. The music was so loud that you could hear it from miles away. 6. The shirts became so stiff that he couldn't put them on. 7. She made such a good meal that we all ate far too much. 8. There was so much to do that nobody ever got bored.

VI. Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences. (Reference version)

1. He thought I was lying, whereas I was telling the truth.

2. In the same way that every baby's face is different from every other's, every baby's pattern of development is different from every other's. Translation exercises

I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1. 在我看来，礼貌就是给别人以空间，不冒犯别人，允许别人有隐私。 2. 个人空间基本上是一个公众场合的问题；私下里，我们是允许对个人空间进行各种各样的侵犯的。

3. 就像我们国家拥有12海里领海权一样，个人空间就是我们的边界，只要有陌生人穿过这个边界，就会使我们感到不安。

4. 说到底，个人空间是个心理上的问题，而不是个物理上的问题：与其说它与我们的外部空间相关，还不如说它与我们的内心空间相关。