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有着相同的起源，那么认为，文化多样性也可能追溯到人类更有局限性的开端，似乎是有理由的。

48.【解析】本句主语为不定式短语to filter out what is unique from what is shared，谓语部分为enable sb to do sth。其中考查了4个宾语从句，语法结构方面较上两句复杂。句中代词it指代complex cultural behavior;term一词，考生可联想短语in terms of(就…而言，在…方面)来选择恰当词义;filter out意为：“过滤掉、筛除、淘汰”。

【参考译文】如果我们从共性之中去除个性，那么或许我们能够理解复杂的文化行为如何产生，以及何种因素在进化或认识的角度，引导了这种复杂的文化行为。 49.【解析】本题考点涉及代词的还原，现在分词做状语，过去分词做后置定语，非限制性定语从句以及被动。句首the second，回上文寻找，可在上段第一句找到The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky，其中initiate为“发起、创始”，可推知此处为the second effort，即上文的two previous

attempts;shared by many language修饰traits;which引导的定语从句，同样修饰traits;定语从句的中的被动语态可采用主动的译法，添加主语“人们”。

【参考译文】做出第二次努力的是乔舒亚·格林伯雷。他采用更加经验的方法来研究这种普遍性，他发现了多种语言的共同特征(特别是词序上的特征)，而人们认为这种共同特征体现了认识由于认知局限所产生的偏见。

50.【解析】语法结构方面，本句考查了定语从句，过去分词做后置定语，并列结构等。词汇方面，family tree词义的选择，可借助上文by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages，可判断为语言的谱系，后文代词it指代family tree。

【参考译文】乔姆斯基的语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这种模式独立于语言谱系，或者独立于由该谱系所产生的路径，而格林伯格的普遍性理论则认为在特定种类的词序关系之间，有着紧密的相互依赖关系。 Section Ⅲ Writing Part A 【详解】：今年英语一的应用文于2007年和2009年两次考察建议信以来第三次考察建议信。传达给我们的信息是考察过的类型还是会反复考察。另外关于给外国来华留学生写信，也从某一种程度上反映最近2年汉语热这一社会热点。具体集体思路是：表达欢迎。第二点要提出具体的建议。第三点再次表达欢迎之后，要对留学生将要展开的跨过求学之旅进行美好的祝愿。 【范文】： Dear All, I am writing on behalf of our Student?s Association to send our warm welcome. And in order to make you adjust life in China, I am making some constructive advices with regard to the life in our university,

To begin with, you?d better grasp the basic communicating vocabulary as much as possible so as to freely express yourself. In addition, you can read some books on Chinese customs and daily life style in case you feel uneasy once join a completely strange context. Finally, relax yourself and feel

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confident toward your future life。 I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details。 Sincerely yours, Li Ming Part B 【详解】： 认真分析图画，两个人针对同一个掉在地上的酒瓶，作出完全了不同的反应。一个人看到的是那些洒在地上的酒，因此唉声叹气。另一个人看到的时候剩在酒瓶里的酒，因此觉得情况尚没有那么糟糕。从图中信息不难看出，出题者意图是反映面对困境时两类不同的人的不同态度。前者悲观因此眼中尽是悲剧，而后者乐观却总能看喜剧。因此可知，本文写作中心应该围绕不同的态度导致不同人生。写作过程中由于本文中心比较抽象，因此可以佐以例证。 【范文】：

In recent years, there have been great concerns over the life attitude of the youngsters. As is depicted in the picture above, facing a bottle with most the wine spilled out on the ground, one man is sighing the tragedy, whereas the other rejoices over the remained wine in the bottle。

The real implications of the picture lies in that different attitude leads to completely diverse results. For optimistic people, they could find the happiness even facing the most difficult situation. And life is a comedy. Conversely, for people with pessimistic attitude, troubles are everywhere and always exist. Their lives is filled with one after another tragedies。 To my best understanding, the story of Den Yaping could be the best illustration of this point. If she kept upset by her stature, she could not have achieved so much in table tennis. All in all, young people should bear in mind that \。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions:

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But ???_____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does

_____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930?s indicate that laughter. muscles,

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological

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stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual?s emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.

1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like

2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce

3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe

5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10．[A]physical [B]mentl [C]subconscious [D]internal 11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

13．[A]unless [B]until C]if [D]because

14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted

19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated

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Gilbert?s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today?s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener?s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert?s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra?s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert?s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented. 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?