at the start of 2018，China，until then the destination for many of the world’s recyclable material，stopped importing most waste plastic and paper，and severely curtailed imports of cardboard.Rich countries must recycle more，dispose of more waste at home or no longer produce as much.

For environmentalists the preference for recycling is obvious.Some even want economies to become “circular”—ie，to reuse or recycle everything.But anyone arguing that reducing physical waste is a moral imperative(紧急的事情) needs to consider recycling’s hidden costs.Somebody must pick out，clean，transport and process junk.When the time and effort obviously pay off，the economy is already naturally circular.Three quarters of all aluminium ever smelted remains in use，and there is a thriving market for used aluminium cans.But for other materials，recycling just isn’t worth it.

That is partly because chucking(扔掉) stuff out is artificially(人工地) cheap.Were landfill and incineration(焚烧) priced to reflect their environmental and social costs，people would throw their rubbish in the river or dump it by the road instead.Rules to discourage waste should therefore focus on producers rather than households.The principle of taxing pollution should be extended to cover makers of things that will need disposing of.A good example is the requirement，pioneered in Europe，for firms to finance the collection and recycling of electronic waste. 61.The example of India’s Supreme Court’s warning in Para.3 is used to show .

A.Delhi is buried under garbage

B.there are many open dumps in India C.basic disposal system is expensive D.India is poor and lacks infrastructure 62.What happened at the start of 2018? A.Rich countries began to recycle more.

B.China stopped importing more waste materials.

C.Rich countries stopped producing more waste materials. D.China became the destination of recyclable materials.

63.What attitude does the environmentalist hold towards recycling according to the passage? A.Objective. B.Indifferent. C.Supportive. D.Opposed.

64.How should the world deal with the hidden costs of recycling? A.Producers should take more responsibility.

B.Governments should finance firms for recycling.

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C.Poor countries must invest more on infrastructures. D.Rich countries should waste less and recycle more.

D

To learn to think is to learn to question.Those who don’t question never truly think for themselves.These are simple rules that have governed the advancement of science and human thought since the beginning of time.Advancements are made when thinkers question theories and introduce new ones.Unfortunately，it is often the great and respected thinkers who end up slowing the progress of human thought.Aristotle was a brilliant philosopher whose theories explained much of the natural world，often incorrectly.He was so esteemed by the scientific community that even 1,200 years after his death，scientists were still trying to build upon his mistakes rather than correct them!

Brilliant minds can intimidate up-and-coming thinkers who are not confident of their abilities.They often believe they are inferior to the minds of giants such as Aristotle，leading many to accept current paradigms instead of questioning them.

I，like many thinkers of the past，once believed in my mental inferiority.I was certain that my parents，my teachers—adults in general—were always right.They were like a textbook to me; I didn’t question what was written on those pages.I respected them，and accepted whatever they told me.But that attitude soon changed.My mind’s independence was first stimulated in the classroom.

A stern,65-year-old elementary-school science teacher once told me that light is a type of wave.I confidently went through years of school believing that light is a wave.One day，however I heard the German exchange student mention that light could be made up of particles.As the others laughed at his statement，I started to question my beliefs.

Maybe the teachers and textbooks hadn’t given me the whole story.I went to the library，did some research and learned of the light-as-a-wave versus light-as-a-particle debate.I read about Einstein’s discovery of the dual nature of light and learned the facts of a paradox(悖论) that puzzles the world’s greatest thinkers to this day.Light behaves as both a particle and a wave，it is both at once.I realized I had gone through life accepting only half of the story as the whole truth.

Each new year brought more new facts，and I formulated even more questions.I found myself in the library after school，trying to find my own answers to gain a more complete understanding of what I thought I already knew.I discovered that my parents and teachers are incredible tools

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in my quest for knowledge，but they are never the final word.Even textbooks can be challenged.I learned to question my sources，I learned to be a thinker.I once believed that everything I learned at home and at school was certain，but I have now discovered to reexamine when necessary.

Questions are said to be the path to knowledge and truth，and I plan to continue questioning.How many things do we know for sure today that we will question in the future? At this moment，I know that our sun will burn for another five billion years，and I know nothing can escape the gravity of a black hole.This knowledge，however，may change in the next 20 years—maybe even in the next two.The one thing we can control now is our openness to discovery.Questions are the tools of open minds，and open minds are the key to intellectual advancement.

65.In the first paragraph，Aristotle is taken as an example to show that . A.he is the greatest and respected philosopher of all time B.huge influence of great thinkers may block human thought C.advancements are made when thinkers question theories D.great thinkers often make mistakes and then correct them

66.What does the underlined word “intimidate” in Paragraph 2 mean? A.Frighten. B.Encourage. C.Strengthen. D.Persuade.

67.The author began to question his previous beliefs because . A.what he learned from textbooks before turned out to be wrong B.he was inspired by the different ideas from an exchange student C.he was laughed at by other students for his unacceptable statement D.he was not satisfied with his life and desperate to achieve success 68.According to the passage，the author .

A.looks down upon great thinkers all the time

B.never doubts what he has learned in the textbook C.always throws himself into the laboratory D.determines to be a thinker and questioner 69.We can conclude from the last paragraph that . A.the author is not quite sure about his future B.we human beings don’t dare to predict future C.questioning is necessary to promote advancement D.the theory of black holes will change in two years 70.What does the passage mainly talk about? A.Following rules. B.Challenging yourself. C.Questioning giants. D.Predicting future.

第四部分 任务型阅读(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)

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请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

注意：每个空格只填一个单词。

Increasingly，over the past few decades，people—especially young people，have become aware of the need to change their eating habits，because much of the food they eat，especially processed food，is not good for the health.Consequently，there has been a growing interest in natural foods：foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers，widely used in farming today.

Natural foods，for example，are vegetables，fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter.In simple terms，this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter，which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals.This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers，the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality of foods grown in commercial farming area.

Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures(牧场).Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry：there are battery farms，for example，where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish.Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food，they also lay eggs which lack important vitamins.

There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet.Take，for example，the question of sugar.This is actually a non-essential food！Although a natural alternative，such as honey，can be used to sweeten food if it is necessary，we can in fact do without it.It is not that sugar is harmful in itself.But it does seem to be addictive：the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year！Yet all it does is to provide us with energy，in the form，of calories.There are no vitamins in it，no minerals and no fiber.

It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet.In white bread，for example，the fiber has been removed.But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables.It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains plenty of unrefined flour and vegetables，certain diseases are comparatively rare.Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of wholemeal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on “healthy eating”.

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