4.3 被测物体反射光通量的应用

该传感器采用漫反射的原理。在这种传感器中，发射器和接收器安装在同一设备上。由发射器发射的光被目标对象所反射，并充满了各个方向，反射光的一部分反射到接收器，所以可以检测出目标对象。 1）反射式光烟报警器

在没有烟雾的情况下，由于红外管垂直于内部涂满了黑色的烟雾吸收材料，所以红外光无法到达红外光敏晶体管。当烟雾进入烟室，烟产生的固体颗粒对红外光的漫反射，使部分的红外光到达红外光敏晶体管并输出光电流。 2）光电式转速表

光电式转速表是反射的光电式传感器，它可以从与被测物体外部相差几十毫米的地方无接触的测量速度。 3）颜色传感器

色彩传感器被用于检测一个特定的颜色或对象的位置，它测量颜色时通过与没有颜色的区域进行比较，而不是直接测量。

4.4 被测物体遮光的应用

遮光式光电传感器需要两个独立的条件，发光装置安装在一个机箱内，接收机安装在另一个机箱。发射出来的光从发射装置注入到接收装置，当目标对象遮挡了光的传播，接收器的输出将会改变。

带钢偏差的光电检测器。当带钢偏移正确的位置时，边缘往往与发送机碰撞，造成钢材的浪费。当带材处于正确的位置（中间位置）时，放大器的输出电压为零，当带材进入左侧，遮光面积减小，输出电压反映条形的方向和大小的偏差。带钢偏差的光电检测器，如图6所示。

图6 带钢偏差的光电检测器

5 光电式传感器的发展

随着半导体技术在60年代的迅速发展，光敏半导体器件发展迅猛。在此期间，各种光学材料已被充分研究和广泛使用。人们通过对光电效应及其设备的研究已经开发出多种适合不同场合的光电器件。再加上由于薄膜技术，表面处理技术和大规模集成电路技术的发展，光电式传感器的制造过程也达到了一个较高的水平，大大降低了产品成本。在过去的几十年中，红外传感器和其他光学传感设备在航空航天和国防领域获得了广泛的应用。在未来几年中，主要的传感器技术将在灵敏度，分辨率和整体性能上实现突破。光电式传感器的应用已经扩展到纺织业，造纸业，印刷，医疗，环保。传统领域的研究有了新的发展，如红外探测，辐射测量，光纤通信，自动控制等。

红外传感器和微光传感器是使用最广泛的光电式传感器。红外传感器分辨率的增加，且对制冷的需求降低提高了其可靠性。微光传感器依赖于传统的图像增强器的提高以及传感器的模拟信号转换为数字信号。这两种技术的发展趋势是各种多光谱传感器技术的整合，这可以最大限度地发挥个人技术的表现，越来越多的应用到手持设备和无人驾驶汽车等领域。

结合几种不同的光电传感器的长处会发现有很多的优点，但只有它被用来在适当的场合时才可以发挥这些优势。例如，微光传感器更适合在夜间观察大面积，但不足以检测静态隐藏在树林里的人。在这种情况下，如果我们用长波红外相机融合微光传感器，那么隐藏在树林里的人将是可见的。如果我们用另一种短波红外传感器与之融合，那么我们甚至可以识别隐藏在树林里的人的面部特征。

此外，在光电式传感器的另一个主要趋势是增加像素焦平面阵列的数目。

附件2：外文原文

The Application and Development of Photoelectric

Abstract: At present, the application of photoelectric sensors are more and more

extensive, it also promotes the development of photoelectric sensors. Photoelectric sensor has simple structure and diversity. It has high precision, fast response, non-contact and other advantages. In this paper, we analyze the principle of photoelectric sensors, introduce the classification of photoelectric, and then highlight introduce the application of photoelectric sensors and the use of the principle of photoelectric sensors, analyze the current and future development of photoelectric sensors.

Keywords: Photoelectric sensor, the application of photoelectric sensor, the

development of photoelectric sensor.

1 Introduction

Photoelectric sensor is the sensor to use the electronic and optical element as the detection component. Photoelectric detection has high precision, fast response, noncontact advantages and so on. The sensor has simple structure, flexible and diverse forms. Therefore, the photoelectric sensor is widely used in the field of control and testing. It can be used to detect the non-electricity which can cause changes in the amount of light, such as light intensity, radiation temperature, gas composition. It can also use light transmission, occlusion, reflection, interference and others to measure a variety of physical quantities, such as object size, displacement, velocity, temperature, etc. So it is an important and sensitive device which has a very wide application. When using the photoelectric sensor, it doesn't directly contact with the measured object and the beam quality is nearly zero, there is no friction in the measurement and almost no pressure on the measured object. Therefore, photoelectric sensors has obvious advantages than other sensors in many applications. However, its drawback is that optical devices and electronic devices are more expensive in some applications, and environmental

conditions require higher on the measurement. In recent years, new optoelectronic devices are been emerging, particularly the birth of CCD image sensor, that creates a new field for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

2 The Principle of Photoelectric Sensor

Photoelectric sensors use photoelectric elements as sensor conversion devices. The principle of photoelectric sensor is to reflect the measured objects changes by light signal, and then convert the light signal into electrical signals by optoelectronic components. Usually the photoelectric sensor is composed by light source, optical access and optical components. The working process of photoelectric sensor is shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. The working process of photoelectric sensor

The role of optoelectronic devices is to convert the optical signal into electrical signal, which is based on the photoelectric effect. Photoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon that the light shines on certain substances and causes the material to change in the electrical characteristics. It can be divided into external and internal photoelectric effect.

External photoelectric effect is the physical phenomena that the object's electron escape surface of the object and emits outside under the influence of light. Photon is in the form of quantum \the Planck constant, v is the optical frequency. Photon flux corresponds to light intensity. External photoelectric effect is described by the Einstein equation:

hv=1/2*mv0^2

Where m is electron quality, v0 is electronic escape velocity. When the photon energy is equal to or greater than the work function, the external photoelectric effect can be generated. So each object has a corresponding effect on the photoelectric threshold frequency of light, known as the red limit of frequency. For more than the red limit of the