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Oxymoron(矛盾修饰)在英语诗歌里用得十分普遍(尤以16、17世纪为盛),其在散文及其他文体中的运用,虽不及Simile, Metaphor等辞格那样频繁,但亦不罕见。如: The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth. 这位母亲正经受着分娩时那种欢乐的痛苦和痛苦的欢乐。
*Oxymoron把母亲临产时那种苦中有乐、乐中有苦的复杂感受表达得淋漓尽致。
The Major again pressed to his blue eyes the tips of the fingers that were disposed on the edge of the wheeled chair with careful carelessness. (Charles Dickens: Dombey and Son) 少校用一种精心做出的漫不经心的姿态,再次把原来放在轮椅边上的指尖按住自己的蓝眼睛。 * careful carelessness.描绘了一个假装斯文者的惺惺作态。
There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange. 呈现出一片声犹在耳的寂静,而一般的声音倒显得有些异样了。 Love is cruel, love is sweet Cruel sweet,
Lovers sigh till lovers meet, Sigh and meet
Sigh and meet, sigh and again Cruel sweet! O sweetest pain! 爱情残忍爱情甜—— 残忍而又甜,
情人肠断到相见——
肠断到相见,相别肠又断—— 残忍的甜呵!最甜的肠断!
* Oxymoron的运用巧妙地揭示了爱情的特点:又苦又甜。 Speaking silence, dumb confession,
Passion?s birth, and infant?s play. (Robert Burns: To A Kiss) 千言万语的静默,默默无声的坦白, 激情的产儿,孩童的游戏。
* Speaking silence, dumb confession都指kiss,恋人间的一吻胜过万语千言,是默默无声的爱的袒露。
Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat.” 杜德理*费尔德*马伦把审判的结果称为一场“胜利的败诉”。
*1925年,美国中学教师John Scopes因在课堂上讲授进化论而遭宗教界指控违法。开庭时虽有多位科学家和律师为他作证、辩护,但此案仍以John Scopes被判有罪而告终。尽管如此,民众却认为他虽败犹胜,虽败犹荣,故有a victorious defeat之说。
九.Parody(仿拟)
Parody(仿拟); using the words thought, or atyle of an author, but by a slight change adapting them to a new purpose or ridiculously inappropriate sublect; the imitation or exaggeration of traits of style so as to make them appear ludicrous(可笑的).
Parody在运用时所仿拟的,一般都是人们所熟知的语言材料,如成语、谚语、名言、警句等。Parody的运用可以体现在四个语言层次上,即单词、短语、句子和篇章。
Eg:(1) I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. My place in society was at the bottom. 我没有人生观,倒可以说有一种“上爬观”。我在社会中的地位是最底层的。
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*uplook是仿outlook而造,生动地表明了作者年轻时一心想出人头地的愿望。
(2)Modern journalism justifies its own existence by the great Darwinian principle of the survival of the vulgarest.
现代的新闻工作,以“最庸俗者生存”的伟大的达尔文式的原则来为自己的存在辩护。
*短语the survival of the vulgarest是仿the survival of the fittest(适者生存)而造,辛辣地讽刺了西方新闻业中的庸俗性和铜臭味。
(3)Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. 有遗嘱必有官司。
*活人争夺死人的财产,遗嘱引发官司在西方社会屡见不鲜。该句根据will一词多义的特点,巧仿谚语 Where is a will, there is a way.(有志者,事竞成)而造,幽默之中含有讽刺,妙不可言。
(4) Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! / How I wonder what you?re at! Up above the world you fly! / Like a teatray in the sky! 此处仿的是Jane Taylor所作、在英国家喻户晓的The star这首诗: Twinkle, twinkle, little star, / How I wonder what you are! Up above the world so high, / Like a diamond in the sky!
英语Parody(仿拟)的主要修辞作用是使话语文字生动活泼,产生幽默风趣或讽刺揶揄的修辞效果。
(5)In marrying this girl he married a bit more than he could chew. 他娶那姑娘为妻,真是自讨苦吃。 *此处仿(贪多嚼不烂),话说得生动、俏皮,有“吃不了兜着走”的意思。 (6)A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
处于危难之中的朋友是一个为众人所躲避的朋友。
*该句仿拟伊索寓言中的一条教训:A friend in need is a friend indeed(患难朋友才是真朋友),嘲讽了能同甘但不能共苦的假朋友和势利小人。
(7)Socialism places the human being at the center of things, not the machine, not the Almighty Dollars, not the maximum profits of billionaires.
社会主义认为事物的中心是人,而不是机器,不是万能的金元,不是亿万富翁的最大限度的利润。
* the Almighty Dollars是仿基督教用语 Almighty God(全能的上帝)而造。 (8)Don’t put off till tomorrow what can be enjoyed today.
今天可以享受的事情,不要拖到明天去。
*该句仿拟熟语Don?t put off until tomorrow what can be done today(今日事,今日毕),幽默地说明了作者的及时行乐的观点。
(9)To eat is human; to digest, divine. 求食在人;消化在天。
*仿拟英语谚语(犯错人皆难免;宽恕则属超凡)。
(10)Let us have faith that right makes might and dare to do our duty as we understand it. 让我们相信公理即强权,明白职责就要敢于尽职。
*仿Might makes right(强权即公理)这一帝国主义强盗逻辑,但作者反其义而用之,强调为正义事业尽职尽则的重要性。 (11)Red Star Over Hong Kong 红星照耀下的香港。
*该句仿拟美国记者及作家Edgar Snow的名著Red Star over China(《红星照耀下的中国》,又名
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《西行漫记》)的巧妙仿拟。
(12)To Lie Or Not To Lie-----The Doctor’s Dilemma 撒谎还是不撒谎——医生的难题 *这也是一篇文章的标题,仿拟的是莎士比亚剧作《哈姆雷特》中哈姆雷特王子著名独白To be, or not to be: that is the question的起头一句(生存,还是毁灭,这是一个问题)。 十、Zeugma(轭式搭配)
Zeugma: (轭式搭配) It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses.
For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)
Zeugma(轭式搭配)是用一个动词、介词或形容词同时支配或修饰两个或两个以上的名词,使其同时产生不同语义的修辞手法。它采取顺势串用的独特搭配法,将逻辑上并无必然联系、甚至风马牛不相及的事物强扯在一起表达。这种搭配看似牵强附会,实则具有巧妙的修辞作用,可使表达言简意赅、生动形象、幽默风趣,因此往往意义深刻,耐人寻味。 英语Zeugma(轭式搭配)的运用形式主要有以下六种: (1)一个动词同时支配两个或两个以上的名词
Postwar rich living and the automobile all but took away the country’s breath and legs. 战后的富裕生活和私家汽车几乎令国人惊讶得透不过气来,也使他们几乎丧失了步行的能力。 (2)一个动词加上与之搭配的介词支配两个或两个以上的名词 We?ll see to it that the blouses appeal to eye as well as to the purse. 我们一定要让这些罩衫诱人,价格也诱人。
To make flying more comfortable, we went to great lengths——and great widths. 为了使飞行更加舒适,我们不遗余力——而且业务广泛。
*该例为某航空公司的广告,其中go to great lengths为成语,意思是“竭尽全力”;而go to great widths则是牵强的搭配,但恰与前者相呼应、对照,使整个广告简洁、醒目、有趣。 (3)一个介词支配两个或两个以上的名词
She was dressed in a maid’s cap, a pinafore, and in a bright smile. 她戴女仆帽,系白围裙,容光焕发,面带欢笑。 (4)一个形容词或分词修饰两个或两个以上的名词 Yesterday he had a blue heart and coat. 昨天他心情忧郁,穿着一件蓝上衣。
They went to the funeral with weeping eyes and hearts. 他们去参加葬礼,心和眼都在流泪。
It is much better to have a patched jacket than to have a (patched) character. 衣裳打补丁强于品质打补丁。
* patched character属非自然搭配,指品质上的缺陷。 (5)两个主语共用一个谓语
Some pitying hand may find it there, when I and my sorrows are dust.
将来会有慈悲的手在那里找到它的吧,当我和我的忧愁都已化为烟尘的时候。 …but at length down went her head and out came the truth and tears. …..但最后她还是低下了头,流着泪吐出了实情。
Age may wrinkle the face, but lack of enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.
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岁月在人脸上刻下皱纹,缺少热情使一个人的灵魂苍老。
此外,英语Zeugma还有一些特殊的形式。如:
She?s too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise. (William Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing)
她太矮,当不起高度的赞扬;皮肤太黝黑,当不起说她白皙的赞扬;个子太瘦小,当不起大的赞扬。
十一、Allusion(引喻)
英语Allusion(引喻)指人们在口头或书面表达时引用出自神话、童话、传说、寓言、民俗、宗教、文学名著的带典故性的词语,并使之与叙述或论说融为一体。适当运用Allusion(引喻)可做到事出有典,言之有据,使表达简洁、凝练、精辟、生动,从而增强说服力与感染力。 从史料来源看,Allusion(引喻)大致可分为以下四种: 1 出自神话、童话、寓言、传说的典故
英语中的神话引用史料首推希腊与罗马神话,其次还有《天方夜潭》等。常供引用的寓言史料主要是《伊索寓言》,童话则有《安徒生童话》和《格林童话》。 (2)出自宗教文献与民间习俗的典故 在这方面引用最多的当数《圣经》,它为英语语言贡献了大量成语、典故。 (3)出自小说、戏剧等文学作品的典故 (4)出自历史事件及历史人物的典故
十二、Irony(反语)
Irony: (反语) It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
The expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite meaning. It is an effective literary device because it gives the impression of great restraint.
For example, …until we are marching backwords to the glorious age of the sixteenth centry (lesson 10).
For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
Innuendo: (暗讽) It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. Hinting or implying a thing without plainly saying it.
For example, the weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.
During the last five years my cook has several times been sober. ( meaning that he is always drunk.)
Irony(反语)即说反话,是一种通过正话反说或反话正说来取得讽刺、幽默等修辞效果的辞格。Irony(反语)不仅在文学作品中屡见不鲜,而且在日常口语里也时有运用。如: 我们很幸运。12月13日到彼岸。那使我们觉得真愉快。
We are lucky. It?s the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel real good.
*13对西方人来说是个不吉利的数字,但恰好是在这天,作者他们奉命在太平洋彼岸的越南登陆参战。本是倒霉,却说“幸运”;本是惶恐不安,却说“真愉快”,这表现了作者的自嘲。 He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he?d water it.
他是一个了不起的老师,如果他发现了一点天才的火花,你可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。 *将学生中冒出的天才火花加以浇灭者被称为“了不起的教师”,无疑是对他的莫大讽刺。 Chivalry: going about releasing beautiful maidens from other men?s castle, and taking them to your own castle.
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